Epilobium minutum |
Epilobium palustre |
|
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California willowherb, chaparral willowherb, desert willowherb, little willowherb, minute willowherb, small-flower willowherb |
marsh willow-herb, marsh willowweed, swamp willowherb, épilobe palustre |
|
Habit | Herbs slender. | Herbs with multiple filiform epigeous stolons with widely spaced, small leaves, terminating in condensed, dark, small turions 3–7 × 2–3 mm. |
Stems | strict, erect, sometimes reddish green, terete, 3.5–40 cm, simple or freely branched, subglabrous proximally to strigillose and glandular puberulent distally. |
erect, loosely clustered, terete, 5–80 cm, simple to well branched, subglabrous on proximal internodes, sometimes with faint strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles, densely strigillose distally. |
Leaves | alternate distally, not fasciculate, petiole 0–2 mm, blade subspatulate proximally to lanceolate, oblanceolate, or narrowly elliptical distally, not folded along midrib, 0.9–2.5 × 0.2–0.6 cm, shorter than internodes, base tapered, margins entire or scarcely denticulate, 1–4 teeth per side, lateral veins obscure, apex subacute or often blunt proximally, surfaces subglabrous or with scattered hairs along margins; bracts much reduced, sometimes attached to pedicel. |
opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate distally, subsessile; blade lanceolate or narrowly elliptic to sublinear, 1.5–7 × 0.2–1.9 cm, base cuneate, margins entire or inconspicuously denticulate, 2–6 teeth per side, veins inconspicuous, apex acute or acuminate, surfaces strigillose abaxially, subglabrous adaxially or strigillose only on margins and veins; bracts smaller and narrower. |
Inflorescences | erect racemes or open panicles, relatively loose and uncrowded, branches thin, mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent. |
nodding in bud, later erect, racemes, not branched, densely strigillose, rarely mixed sparsely glandular puberulent. |
Flowers | erect or, sometimes, nodding in bud; buds broadly ovoid, 1.2–2.5 × 1–1.5 mm; floral tube 1.1–1.5 × 1–1.4 mm, usually with ring of spreading hairs at mouth inside; sepals 0.5–2.5 × 0.4–1.3 mm, apex acute, abaxial surface strigillose, sometimes mixed glandular puberulent; petals white to pink, 2–5 × 1.5–3 mm, apical notch 0.2–1.9 mm; filaments white, those of longer stamens 0.5–3 mm, those of shorter ones 0.3–2 mm; anthers 0.6–1 × 0.5–0.8 mm; ovary 4–9 mm, mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent; style light pink, 1–3.5 mm, stigma subclavate to obscurely 4-lobed, 0.4–0.6 × 0.4–0.5 mm, surrounded by longer anthers. |
erect to spreading; buds 2–5 × 1.5–2.5 mm; pedicel 8–12 mm; floral tube 0.6–1.8 × 1.3–2.2 mm, ring of spreading hairs at mouth inside; sepals 1.4–4.5 × 0.8–1.5 mm, abaxial surface strigillose; petals usually white, rarely pink, 2–9 × 1.8–5 mm, obcordate, apical notch 0.6–1.6 mm; filaments cream or white, those of longer stamens 0.8–3.5 mm, those of shorter ones 0.4–2.1 mm; anthers 0.4–1 × 0.3–0.7 mm; ovary 12–35 mm, strigillose; style cream, 1.5–4.5 mm, stigma clavate to cylindrical, entire, 0.8–2 × 0.5–1.4 mm, usually surrounded by, rarely exserted beyond, anthers. |
Capsules | 9–28 mm, surfaces strigillose and glandular puberulent; pedicel 3–10 mm. |
straight or upcurved, 25–90 mm, surfaces strigillose; pedicel 15–35(–60) mm. |
Seeds | obovoid, without constriction, 0.9–1.2 × 0.4–0.6 mm, low chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm wide, brown, surface reticulate; coma easily detached, white, 2.5–3 mm. |
elliptic, attenuate to narrowly fusiform, 1.4–2.2 × 0.4–0.5 mm, chalazal collar 0.1–0.25 mm, conspicuous, surface finely papillose; coma persistent, white, 5–7 mm. |
2n | = 26. |
= 36. |
Epilobium minutum |
Epilobium palustre |
|
Phenology | Flowering Apr–Sep. | Flowering Jul–Sep. |
Habitat | Open, dry places, along roads, disturbed areas. | Low, boggy areas, swamps, saturated stream banks, mossy meadows. |
Elevation | 90–1900 m. (300–6200 ft.) | 0–1000(–2600) m. (0–3300(–8500) ft.) |
Distribution |
CA; ID; MT; NV; OR; WA; BC
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AK; CA; CO; CT; MA; ME; MI; MN; MT; NH; NJ; NY; OR; PA; RI; SD; UT; VT; WI; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; NU; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT; SPM; Greenland; n Eurasia; c Eurasia
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Discussion | Epilobium minutum, like the similar E. foliosum, also occasionally produces cleistogamous flowers, and is modally autogamous in any event. S. R. Seavey et al. (1977b) observed that E. minutum is less common than E. foliosum in the southern part of their overlapping ranges and more common in the north. Several sheets (for example, Lawler 3276, California, Butte Co. [MO]; Nelson & Gordon 5573, California, Trinity Co. [MO]) mention that the plants were growing on serpentine soil. The earliest collection of this species appears to be one made by Archibald Menzies in 1792–1794 under the name E. palustre (BM). Crossostigma lindleyi Spach (a substitute name for Epilobium minutum) and E. lindleyi (Spach) Rydberg are illegitimate names that pertain here. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Epilobium palustre is an extremely widespread circumboreal species that is relatively common from Alaska across Canada, especially around the Great Lakes to the Maritime provinces (mostly below 1000 m). This species is somewhat less common in the northeastern United States, and only scattered in the mountains of the western United States, south to California and Colorado (to 3000 m). It also occurs in ice-free regions of Greenland south of 70º north latitude, in northern and central Europe, across most of subarctic Russia to the Caucasus, the Himalaya complex, and eastern Asia, including Japan and the Russian Far East. Epilobium palustre shows considerable variation across its very wide distribution and, not surprisingly, distinctive local races, which sometimes have been named formally, including several from northeastern North America. Within series Palustriformes by C. Haussknecht (1884), M. L. Fernald (1944d) clarified much confusion in names at that time, clearly delineating and establishing the nomenclature of E. davuricum, E. leptophyllum, E. palustre, and E. densum. Fernald also recognized E. nesophilum (see discussion under 18. E. leptophyllum) and E. pylaieanum, the latter based on small plants of E. palustre from southern Newfoundland. Epilobium lineare Muhlenberg and E. palustre var. albiflorum Lehmann are illegitimate names that pertain here. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. |
Parent taxa | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Crossostigma | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | E. minutum var. canescens | Chamaenerion palustre, E. molle var. sabulonense, E. nesophilum var. lupulinum, E. nesophilum var. sabulonense, E. oliganthum, E. palustre var. albescens, E. palustre var. grammadophyllum, E. palustre var. lapponicum, E. palustre var. longirameum, E. palustre var. oliganthum, E. palustre var. sabulonense, E. pylaieanum, E. wyomingense |
Name authority | Lindley in W. J. Hooker: Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 207. (1832) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 348. (1753) |
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