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California willowherb, chaparral willowherb, desert willowherb, little willowherb, minute willowherb, small-flower willowherb

Hornemann's willow-herb, épilobe de Hornemann

Habit Herbs slender. Herbs with short, scaly hypogeous or leafy epigeous soboles.
Stems

strict, erect, sometimes reddish green, terete, 3.5–40 cm, simple or freely branched, subglabrous proximally to strigillose and glandular puberulent distally.

ascending to erect, clumped, terete, 10–45 cm, usually simple, rarely branched proximally, subglabrous proximal to inflorescence with sparsely strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles, ± sparsely mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent distally.

Leaves

alternate distally, not fasciculate, petiole 0–2 mm, blade subspatulate proximally to lanceolate, oblanceolate, or narrowly elliptical distally, not folded along midrib, 0.9–2.5 × 0.2–0.6 cm, shorter than internodes, base tapered, margins entire or scarcely denticulate, 1–4 teeth per side, lateral veins obscure, apex subacute or often blunt proximally, surfaces subglabrous or with scattered hairs along margins;

bracts much reduced, sometimes attached to pedicel.

opposite proximal to inflorescence, usually alternate distally, petioles 3–9 mm proximally to subsessile distally;

blade broadly elliptic to spatulate proximally, ovate to lanceolate distally, ± coriaceous or not, 1.5–6.2 × 0.7–2.9 cm, base attenuate to cuneate or rounded, margins subentire proximally, denticulate distally with 10–25 teeth per side, veins often inconspicuous, 4–7 per side, apex obtuse to subacute, surfaces glabrous or, sometimes, strigillose along margins;

bracts reduced.

Inflorescences

erect racemes or open panicles, relatively loose and uncrowded, branches thin, mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent.

erect or nodding, open racemes, mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent.

Flowers

erect or, sometimes, nodding in bud;

buds broadly ovoid, 1.2–2.5 × 1–1.5 mm;

floral tube 1.1–1.5 × 1–1.4 mm, usually with ring of spreading hairs at mouth inside;

sepals 0.5–2.5 × 0.4–1.3 mm, apex acute, abaxial surface strigillose, sometimes mixed glandular puberulent;

petals white to pink, 2–5 × 1.5–3 mm, apical notch 0.2–1.9 mm;

filaments white, those of longer stamens 0.5–3 mm, those of shorter ones 0.3–2 mm;

anthers 0.6–1 × 0.5–0.8 mm;

ovary 4–9 mm, mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent;

style light pink, 1–3.5 mm, stigma subclavate to obscurely 4-lobed, 0.4–0.6 × 0.4–0.5 mm, surrounded by longer anthers.

erect;

buds 2–5.5 × 2–4 mm;

pedicel 2–5 mm;

floral tube 1–2.2 × 1.3–2.8 mm, sparse ring of hairs at mouth inside or ring absent;

sepals sometimes red-tipped or bright red, 2–7 × 1–2.2 mm, abaxial surface sparsely strigillose and glandular puberulent;

petals usually rose-purple or magenta to light pink, rarely white, 3–10(–11) × 2–6 mm, apical notch 0.7–2.4 mm;

filaments cream to light pink, those of longer stamens 1.4–5(–6) mm, those of shorter ones 1.2–4 mm;

anthers light yellow, 0.4–1.2 × 0.3–0.6 mm;

ovary 15–25 mm, glandular puberulent, sometimes mixed strigillose;

style white or cream, 2–8 mm, stigma cream, clavate or cylindrical, entire, 1.2–3 × 0.5–1 mm, usually surrounded by, rarely exserted beyond, anthers.

Capsules

9–28 mm, surfaces strigillose and glandular puberulent;

pedicel 3–10 mm.

35–65 mm, surfaces glandular puberulent, sometimes mixed strigillose;

pedicel 5–15(–25) mm.

Seeds

obovoid, without constriction, 0.9–1.2 × 0.4–0.6 mm, low chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm wide, brown, surface reticulate;

coma easily detached, white, 2.5–3 mm.

narrowly fusiform or oblanceoloid, 0.9–1.6 × 0.3–0.5 mm, chalazal collar short, 0.05–0.1 mm, blond to brown, surface distinctly papillose or reticulate/smooth;

coma readily detached, dingy white, 6–11 mm.

2n

= 26.

Epilobium minutum

Epilobium hornemannii

Phenology Flowering Apr–Sep.
Habitat Open, dry places, along roads, disturbed areas.
Elevation 90–1900 m. (300–6200 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
CA; ID; MT; NV; OR; WA; BC
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from USDA
North America; Eurasia
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Epilobium minutum, like the similar E. foliosum, also occasionally produces cleistogamous flowers, and is modally autogamous in any event. S. R. Seavey et al. (1977b) observed that E. minutum is less common than E. foliosum in the southern part of their overlapping ranges and more common in the north. Several sheets (for example, Lawler 3276, California, Butte Co. [MO]; Nelson & Gordon 5573, California, Trinity Co. [MO]) mention that the plants were growing on serpentine soil. The earliest collection of this species appears to be one made by Archibald Menzies in 1792–1794 under the name E. palustre (BM).

Crossostigma lindleyi Spach (a substitute name for Epilobium minutum) and E. lindleyi (Spach) Rydberg are illegitimate names that pertain here.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Subspecies 2 (2 in the flora).

Epilobium hornemannii occurs widely in montane and boreal regions in North America and western Eurasia, and also in Japan and the Russian Far East. It is characterized by having the CC chromosome arrangement and is included in the Alpinae alliance with E. anagallidifolium, E. lactiflorum, and others (I. Kytövuori 1972).

W. Trelease (1891) discussed eastern and western forms of Epilobium hornemannii, the latter divided into two variations; however, he did not formally recognize any of these variants.

P. A. Munz (1965) included the Eurasian Epilobium alsinifolium Villars in his North American treatment, noting that it occurred in Greenland. However, B. Fredskild (1984) suggested that, for the most part, these determinations represent misidentifications of E. hornemannii.

The two subspecies recognized here intergrade throughout much of their shared range, but whereas subsp. hornemannii is commonly found in high montane to alpine regions, in the northern part of its range it grows at much lower elevations, and in maritime areasis replaced by coriaceous-leaved forms here designated as subsp. behringianum. The situation is rather analogous to the pattern seen in E. ciliatum in which subsp. ciliatum is wide-ranging and variable, but replaced in Pacific maritime areas by subsp. watsonii, from which it differs consistently in most specimens, but sometimes intergrades.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Leaves not coriaceous, petioles 3–7 mm proximally; sepals 2–4.5 mm; petals 3–9 mm; capsules 40–65 mm; seeds 0.9–1.2 mm, surface papillose.
subsp. hornemannii
1. Leaves ± coriaceous, petioles 4–9 mm proximally; sepals 5–7 mm; petals 8–10(–11) mm; capsules 35–55 mm; seeds 0.9–1.6 mm, surface reticulate.
subsp. behringianum
Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Crossostigma Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium
Sibling taxa
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
Subordinate taxa
E. hornemannii subsp. behringianum, E. hornemannii subsp. hornemannii
Synonyms E. minutum var. canescens E. nutans
Name authority Lindley in W. J. Hooker: Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 207. (1832) Reichenbach: Iconogr. Bot. Pl. Crit. 2: 73. (1824) — (as hornemanni)
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