Epilobium minutum |
Epilobium densum |
|
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California willowherb, chaparral willowherb, desert willowherb, little willowherb, minute willowherb, small-flower willowherb |
downy willowherb, épilobe dressé |
|
Habit | Herbs slender. | Herbs with threadlike, sparsely leaved epigeous stolons terminating with compact fleshy turions 4–8 × 3–4 mm. |
Stems | strict, erect, sometimes reddish green, terete, 3.5–40 cm, simple or freely branched, subglabrous proximally to strigillose and glandular puberulent distally. |
erect, simple or loosely clustered, terete, 15–95 cm, often well branched distally, densely villous throughout, sometimes mixed glandular puberulent distally, decurrent lines absent. |
Leaves | alternate distally, not fasciculate, petiole 0–2 mm, blade subspatulate proximally to lanceolate, oblanceolate, or narrowly elliptical distally, not folded along midrib, 0.9–2.5 × 0.2–0.6 cm, shorter than internodes, base tapered, margins entire or scarcely denticulate, 1–4 teeth per side, lateral veins obscure, apex subacute or often blunt proximally, surfaces subglabrous or with scattered hairs along margins; bracts much reduced, sometimes attached to pedicel. |
opposite proximally, alternate and often fasciculate distally, subsessile; blade oblong-lanceolate to sublinear, 2–4.5 × 0.3–0.9 cm, ± exceeding internodes, base cuneate, margins entire or denticulate, 3–6 inconspicuous teeth per side, sometimes revolute, veins apparent on abaxial side, 3–5 per side, apex acute, surfaces villous, especially distally; bracts somewhat reduced. |
Inflorescences | erect racemes or open panicles, relatively loose and uncrowded, branches thin, mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent. |
erect racemes, branched or not, densely villous, sometimes mixed glandular puberulent. |
Flowers | erect or, sometimes, nodding in bud; buds broadly ovoid, 1.2–2.5 × 1–1.5 mm; floral tube 1.1–1.5 × 1–1.4 mm, usually with ring of spreading hairs at mouth inside; sepals 0.5–2.5 × 0.4–1.3 mm, apex acute, abaxial surface strigillose, sometimes mixed glandular puberulent; petals white to pink, 2–5 × 1.5–3 mm, apical notch 0.2–1.9 mm; filaments white, those of longer stamens 0.5–3 mm, those of shorter ones 0.3–2 mm; anthers 0.6–1 × 0.5–0.8 mm; ovary 4–9 mm, mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent; style light pink, 1–3.5 mm, stigma subclavate to obscurely 4-lobed, 0.4–0.6 × 0.4–0.5 mm, surrounded by longer anthers. |
erect; buds 2.5–5 × 1.5–1.5 mm; pedicel 3–8 mm; floral tube 1–1.8 ×1–2 mm, ring of spreading hairs at mouth inside; sepals 2–4.5 × 1–1.3 mm, abaxial surface villous and glandular puberulent; petals light to dark pink, obcordate, 4–6 × 2–3 mm, apical notch 1–1.5 mm; filaments pink, those of longer stamens 2–3.5 mm, those of shorter ones 1–2 mm; anthers cream, 0.5–0.8 × 0.4–0.6 mm; ovary 12–20 mm, densely villous, often mixed glandular puberulent; style cream, 2–3.5 mm, stigma narrowly clavate, entire, 1–1.6 × 0.5–1 mm, surrounded by anthers. |
Capsules | 9–28 mm, surfaces strigillose and glandular puberulent; pedicel 3–10 mm. |
35–68 mm, short-beaked, surfaces densely villous, sometimes mixed glandular puberulent; pedicel 5–15 mm. |
Seeds | obovoid, without constriction, 0.9–1.2 × 0.4–0.6 mm, low chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm wide, brown, surface reticulate; coma easily detached, white, 2.5–3 mm. |
narrowly fusiform to narrowly obovoid, 1.5–2 × 0.5–0.6 mm, chalazal collar inconspicuous, 0.1 mm, surface low papillose; coma persistent, dingy white, 6–8 mm. |
2n | = 26. |
= 36. |
Epilobium minutum |
Epilobium densum |
|
Phenology | Flowering Apr–Sep. | Flowering Jul–Sep. |
Habitat | Open, dry places, along roads, disturbed areas. | Sphagnum and peat bogs, marshes, seeps, damp pastures. |
Elevation | 90–1900 m. (300–6200 ft.) | 0–600 m. (0–2000 ft.) |
Distribution |
CA; ID; MT; NV; OR; WA; BC
|
CT; IA; IL; IN; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; NH; NJ; NY; OH; PA; RI; VA; VT; WI; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC |
Discussion | Epilobium minutum, like the similar E. foliosum, also occasionally produces cleistogamous flowers, and is modally autogamous in any event. S. R. Seavey et al. (1977b) observed that E. minutum is less common than E. foliosum in the southern part of their overlapping ranges and more common in the north. Several sheets (for example, Lawler 3276, California, Butte Co. [MO]; Nelson & Gordon 5573, California, Trinity Co. [MO]) mention that the plants were growing on serpentine soil. The earliest collection of this species appears to be one made by Archibald Menzies in 1792–1794 under the name E. palustre (BM). Crossostigma lindleyi Spach (a substitute name for Epilobium minutum) and E. lindleyi (Spach) Rydberg are illegitimate names that pertain here. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Epilobium densum is relatively uncommon but widely distributed within the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River region in boggy or marshy areas. Within that region, it sometimes grows in close proximity with E. leptophyllum and E. palustre; it is densely pubescent like E. leptophyllum, and although the type of hairs differs markedly on the two species, they sometimes are found mixed on herbarium sheets. Because it is less pubescent, E. palustre is rarely mixed or confused with E. densum. Hybrids among these species occur but are uncommon and generally marked by slightly to moderately reduced seed fertility. M. L. Fernald (1944d), among others, argued that names published in the Catalogus by Muhlenberg were not validly published. In the case of Epilobium strictum, K. Sprengel considered that Muhlenberg provided enough of a description (upright, soft) to validate the name in 1825. However, Rafinesque had validly published the name E. densum for the same taxon in 1814. Epilobium molle Torrey is an illegitimate name that pertains here. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. |
Parent taxa | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Crossostigma | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | E. minutum var. canescens | E. strictum |
Name authority | Lindley in W. J. Hooker: Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 207. (1832) | Rafinesque: Précis Découv. Somiol. 42. (1814) |
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