Epilobium minutum |
Epilobium coloratum |
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California willowherb, chaparral willowherb, desert willowherb, little willowherb, minute willowherb, small-flower willowherb |
eastern willow-herb, purple-leaf willowherb |
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Habit | Herbs slender. | Herbs often robust and rank, with sessile or short-stalked leafy basal rosettes and dense fibrous roots. |
Stems | strict, erect, sometimes reddish green, terete, 3.5–40 cm, simple or freely branched, subglabrous proximally to strigillose and glandular puberulent distally. |
erect, subterete, (20–)40–85(–120) cm, freely branched distally, subglabrous proximal to inflorescence, often with raised strigillose lines decurrent from petioles, densely strigillose distally. |
Leaves | alternate distally, not fasciculate, petiole 0–2 mm, blade subspatulate proximally to lanceolate, oblanceolate, or narrowly elliptical distally, not folded along midrib, 0.9–2.5 × 0.2–0.6 cm, shorter than internodes, base tapered, margins entire or scarcely denticulate, 1–4 teeth per side, lateral veins obscure, apex subacute or often blunt proximally, surfaces subglabrous or with scattered hairs along margins; bracts much reduced, sometimes attached to pedicel. |
opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate distally, petiole 4–10 mm; blade narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 3–10(–15) × 0.5–3 cm, subequal to internodes, base rounded to cuneate, margins sharply and irregularly serrulate, 30–75 teeth per side, veins prominent, often raised abaxially, 10–25 per side, apex acute or acuminate, surfaces subglabrous with strigillose margins and abaxial veins; bracts abruptly reduced. |
Inflorescences | erect racemes or open panicles, relatively loose and uncrowded, branches thin, mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent. |
usually upright panicles, sometimes corymbiform, rarely racemes, densely strigillose. |
Flowers | erect or, sometimes, nodding in bud; buds broadly ovoid, 1.2–2.5 × 1–1.5 mm; floral tube 1.1–1.5 × 1–1.4 mm, usually with ring of spreading hairs at mouth inside; sepals 0.5–2.5 × 0.4–1.3 mm, apex acute, abaxial surface strigillose, sometimes mixed glandular puberulent; petals white to pink, 2–5 × 1.5–3 mm, apical notch 0.2–1.9 mm; filaments white, those of longer stamens 0.5–3 mm, those of shorter ones 0.3–2 mm; anthers 0.6–1 × 0.5–0.8 mm; ovary 4–9 mm, mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent; style light pink, 1–3.5 mm, stigma subclavate to obscurely 4-lobed, 0.4–0.6 × 0.4–0.5 mm, surrounded by longer anthers. |
erect; buds 2–3 × 1.5–2.5 mm; pedicel 5–10 mm; floral tube 0.3–0.6 × 0.3–0.5 mm, raised ring of sparse spreading hairs at mouth inside; sepals 1.3–3.2 × 0.5–1.5 mm, abaxial surface strigillose; petals white, 2.5–5.5 × 2–3.8 mm, apical notch 0.5–1 mm; filaments white, those of longer stamens 1.8–2.5 mm, those of shorter ones 1.5–2 mm; anthers pale yellow, 0.3–0.4 × 0.2–0.4 mm; ovary 15–30 mm, ± densely strigillose; style erect, white, 1.5–2.8 mm, glabrous, stigma cylindrical to subcapitate, entire, 1–1.5 × 0.8–1.2 mm, surrounded by longer anthers. |
Capsules | 9–28 mm, surfaces strigillose and glandular puberulent; pedicel 3–10 mm. |
40–65 mm, surfaces strigillose; pedicel 8–12 mm. |
Seeds | obovoid, without constriction, 0.9–1.2 × 0.4–0.6 mm, low chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm wide, brown, surface reticulate; coma easily detached, white, 2.5–3 mm. |
narrowly oblanceoloid, 1.2–1.7 × 0.3–0.5 mm, abruptly rounded with very short chalazal neck, brownish gray, surface evenly papillose; coma not easily detached, cinnamon red, 8–12 mm. |
2n | = 26. |
= 36. |
Epilobium minutum |
Epilobium coloratum |
|
Phenology | Flowering Apr–Sep. | Flowering Jul–Sep. |
Habitat | Open, dry places, along roads, disturbed areas. | Saturated swampy areas, stream banks in lowland forests, wet ditches, open, disturbed wetlands, secondary floodplain forests. |
Elevation | 90–1900 m. (300–6200 ft.) | 0–500(–1500) m. (0–1600(–4900) ft.) |
Distribution |
CA; ID; MT; NV; OR; WA; BC
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AL; AR; AZ; CT; DC; DE; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; VT; WI; WV; NB; NF; NS; ON; QC; West Indies (Dominican Republic, Haiti)
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Discussion | Epilobium minutum, like the similar E. foliosum, also occasionally produces cleistogamous flowers, and is modally autogamous in any event. S. R. Seavey et al. (1977b) observed that E. minutum is less common than E. foliosum in the southern part of their overlapping ranges and more common in the north. Several sheets (for example, Lawler 3276, California, Butte Co. [MO]; Nelson & Gordon 5573, California, Trinity Co. [MO]) mention that the plants were growing on serpentine soil. The earliest collection of this species appears to be one made by Archibald Menzies in 1792–1794 under the name E. palustre (BM). Crossostigma lindleyi Spach (a substitute name for Epilobium minutum) and E. lindleyi (Spach) Rydberg are illegitimate names that pertain here. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Epilobium coloratum is highly unusual in having a distribution primarily in southeastern North America. In its overall morphology, particularly leaves and flowers, it more closely resembles European species such as E. obscurum Schreber or E. tetragonum Linnaeus than any other North American species, and shares with the European species the widespread BB chromosome arrangement. There is a general resemblance between E. coloratum and the very widespread E. ciliatum (AA chromosome arrangement); hybrids between these species, known as E. ×wisconsinense Ugent, are highly sterile due to different chromosome arrangements in the parental species. The true affinities of E. coloratum are uncertain. Its occurrence on Hispaniola is also unique and possibly due to a recent introduction. Prior to 1950, all major treatments of Epilobium attributed the name of E. coloratum to Muhlenberg (as E. coloratum Muhlenberg ex Wildenow), including C. Haussknecht (1884), W. Trelease (1891), and others. However, M. L. Fernald (1945d) noted that Index Kewensis had overlooked the 1807 publication by Biehler and virtually all treatments since that time follow the interpretation by Fernald. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. |
Parent taxa | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Crossostigma | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | E. minutum var. canescens | E. coloratum var. tenuifolium, E. domingense |
Name authority | Lindley in W. J. Hooker: Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 207. (1832) | Biehler: Pl. Nov. Herb. Spreng., 18. (1807) |
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