Epilobium minutum |
Epilobium campestre |
|
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California willowherb, chaparral willowherb, desert willowherb, little willowherb, minute willowherb, small-flower willowherb |
pygmy willowherb, smooth boisduvalia, smooth spike-primrose, smooth willowherb |
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Habit | Herbs slender. | Herbs with 1 or more unbranched taproots. |
Stems | strict, erect, sometimes reddish green, terete, 3.5–40 cm, simple or freely branched, subglabrous proximally to strigillose and glandular puberulent distally. |
usually suberect, rarely matted, terete, 1.5–50 cm, often with sprawling, decumbent proximal branches, rarely simple, glabrous proximally or throughout, sometimes ± densely strigillose and/or villous distally. |
Leaves | alternate distally, not fasciculate, petiole 0–2 mm, blade subspatulate proximally to lanceolate, oblanceolate, or narrowly elliptical distally, not folded along midrib, 0.9–2.5 × 0.2–0.6 cm, shorter than internodes, base tapered, margins entire or scarcely denticulate, 1–4 teeth per side, lateral veins obscure, apex subacute or often blunt proximally, surfaces subglabrous or with scattered hairs along margins; bracts much reduced, sometimes attached to pedicel. |
crowded, subsessile, blade lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate or oblong, 0.8–3.5 × 0.2–0.6(–1) cm, longer than subtending internodes, base cuneate, margins evenly serrulate, 4–7 teeth per side, lateral veins obscure, 2–5 per side, apex acute, surfaces strigillose and ± villous, at least along veins and margins; bracts not much reduced. |
Inflorescences | erect racemes or open panicles, relatively loose and uncrowded, branches thin, mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent. |
erect spikes, congested, unbranched, densely strigillose and ± villous or subglabrous. |
Flowers | erect or, sometimes, nodding in bud; buds broadly ovoid, 1.2–2.5 × 1–1.5 mm; floral tube 1.1–1.5 × 1–1.4 mm, usually with ring of spreading hairs at mouth inside; sepals 0.5–2.5 × 0.4–1.3 mm, apex acute, abaxial surface strigillose, sometimes mixed glandular puberulent; petals white to pink, 2–5 × 1.5–3 mm, apical notch 0.2–1.9 mm; filaments white, those of longer stamens 0.5–3 mm, those of shorter ones 0.3–2 mm; anthers 0.6–1 × 0.5–0.8 mm; ovary 4–9 mm, mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent; style light pink, 1–3.5 mm, stigma subclavate to obscurely 4-lobed, 0.4–0.6 × 0.4–0.5 mm, surrounded by longer anthers. |
erect, often hidden by subtending bracts, often cleistogamous; buds 1.2–2 × 0.7–1.1 mm; floral tube 0.3–1.1 × 0.2–0.8 mm, raised ciliate ring proximal to mouth inside; sepals reddish green, 0.7–1.9 × 0.6–1.2 mm; petals pale pink, fading purplish rose, 0.9–3.5 × 0.7–0.9 mm, apical notch 0.3–1.3 mm; filaments light pink, those of longer stamens 0.5–1.5 mm, those of shorter ones 0.4–0.9 mm; anthers pale yellow, 0.4–0.8 × 0.3–0.5 mm; ovary 3–5 mm, usually densely villous; style pale pink, 0.6–1.8 mm, stigma clavate, irregularly 4-lobed to subentire, 0.5–1 × 0.2–0.6 mm, surrounded by longer anthers. |
Capsules | 9–28 mm, surfaces strigillose and glandular puberulent; pedicel 3–10 mm. |
cylindrical to subfusiform, ± terete, 4.5–8 mm, beak 0.8–1 mm, usually dehiscing on distal 1/3, sometimes tardily splitting to base, central axis prematurely disintegrating, villous; subsessile. |
Seeds | obovoid, without constriction, 0.9–1.2 × 0.4–0.6 mm, low chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm wide, brown, surface reticulate; coma easily detached, white, 2.5–3 mm. |
7–14 per tightly packed row, irregularly angular-fusiform, 1–1.3 × 0.4–0.6 mm, chalazal collar absent, surface irregularly reticulate. |
2n | = 26. |
= 30. |
Epilobium minutum |
Epilobium campestre |
|
Phenology | Flowering Apr–Sep. | Flowering May–Sep. |
Habitat | Open, dry places, along roads, disturbed areas. | Vernally moist flats, depressions, shores, and open fields, usually clay soils. |
Elevation | 90–1900 m. (300–6200 ft.) | 30–3000 m. (100–9800 ft.) |
Distribution |
CA; ID; MT; NV; OR; WA; BC
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AZ; CA; ID; MT; ND; NM; NV; OR; SD; UT; WA; WY; AB; BC; SK; Mexico (Baja California); South America (Argentina)
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Discussion | Epilobium minutum, like the similar E. foliosum, also occasionally produces cleistogamous flowers, and is modally autogamous in any event. S. R. Seavey et al. (1977b) observed that E. minutum is less common than E. foliosum in the southern part of their overlapping ranges and more common in the north. Several sheets (for example, Lawler 3276, California, Butte Co. [MO]; Nelson & Gordon 5573, California, Trinity Co. [MO]) mention that the plants were growing on serpentine soil. The earliest collection of this species appears to be one made by Archibald Menzies in 1792–1794 under the name E. palustre (BM). Crossostigma lindleyi Spach (a substitute name for Epilobium minutum) and E. lindleyi (Spach) Rydberg are illegitimate names that pertain here. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Epilobium campestre is widespread in temperate western North America. Like E. cleistogamum, it also grows in habitats that are only moist early in the growing season, or otherwise ephemeral moist places, like shores of reservoirs with fluctuating water levels(P. H. Raven and D. M. Moore 1965), and consequently flowers earlier than most species of Epilobium. The occurrence of this species in Chubut Province, Argentina, appears to be the result of natural long-distance dispersal, probably by birds. Seeds of Epilobium campestre are inclined about 20° from vertical, which while unique and characteristic is a difficult character to observe. Seeds are tightly packed in rigid capsules, as described under E. cleistogamum. Oenothera pygmaea Spegazzini 1899, an illegitimate name (not Douglas 1832), pertains here. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. |
Parent taxa | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Crossostigma | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobiopsis |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | E. minutum var. canescens | Boisduvalia campestris, B. glabella, B. glabella var. campestris, B. pygmaea, E. pygmaeum, Oenothera glabella |
Name authority | Lindley in W. J. Hooker: Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 207. (1832) | (Jepson) Hoch & W. L. Wagner: Syst. Bot. Monogr. 83: 208. (2007) |
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