Epilobium leptophyllum |
Onagraceae |
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bog willow-herb, linearleaf willowweed, narrow-leaf willowherb, slender leaf willowherb, épilobe leptophylle |
evening-primrose family |
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Habit | Herbs with threadlike, nearly leafless epigeous stolons terminating in compact, fleshy turions 3–8 × 2–4 mm. | Herbs, annual or perennial, shrubs, or subshrubs, [lianas or trees], terrestrial, amphibious, or aquatic, unarmed, not clonal; often with epidermal oil cells, usually with internal phloem, abundant raphides in vegetative cells. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stems | erect, simple to loosely clustered, terete, 15–95 cm, simple to well branched, densely strigillose, often mixed glandular puberulent on inflorescence, rarely with faint strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles. |
erect to decumbent or prostrate. |
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Leaves | opposite proximally, usually alternate, rarely fasciculate distally, subsessile; blade linear to very narrowly elliptic or sublanceolate, 2–7.5 × 0.1–0.7 cm, usually longer than internodes, base rounded to subcuneate, margins subentire, 4–7 inconspicuous teeth per side, sometimes revolute, lateral veins inconspicuous, apex obtuse proximally to acute distally, both surfaces densely strigillose, increasing distally; bracts not much reduced. |
usually deciduous, usually alternate or opposite, sometimes whorled, simple, usually cauline, sometimes basal and forming rosettes; stipules present, intrapetiolar, usually caducous, relatively small, or absent (tribes Epilobieae and Onagreae); sessile or subsessile to petiolate; blade margins usually entire, toothed, or pinnately lobed, rarely bipinnately lobed. |
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Inflorescences | erect racemes, densely strigillose, often mixed sparsely glandular puberulent. |
axillary, flowers solitary, leafy spikes, racemes, or panicles. |
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Flowers | erect; buds 3–5 × 1.5–2.5 mm; pedicel 5–12 mm; floral tube 0.8–1.5 × 1.2–1.8 mm, ring of spreading hairs at mouth inside; sepals 2.5–4.5 × 0.9–1.3 mm, abaxial surface strigillose; petals obcordate, white to light pink, 3.5–7 × 1.6–4 mm, apical notch 1–1.8 mm; filaments white or cream, those of longer stamens 0.8–3.5 mm, those of shorter ones 0.6–2.5 mm; anthers cream, 0.5–0.9 × 0.4–0.6 mm; ovary 12–18 mm, densely strigillose, sometimes mixed glandular puberulent; style cream, 2–3.8 mm, stigma narrowly clavate, entire, 1–1.8 × 0.5–1.2 mm, usually surrounded by, rarely exserted beyond, anthers. |
usually bisexual, (protandrous in Chamaenerion, Clarkia, Epilobium, [and most species of Lopezia]; protogynous in Circaea and Fuchsia), sometimes unisexual (gynodioecious or dioecious, [subdioecious]), usually actinomorphic, sometimes zygomorphic, (2–)4(–7)-merous; perianth and androecium epigynous; sepals persistent after anthesis (in Ludwigia), or all flower parts deciduous after anthesis; floral tube present or absent in Chamaenerion, Ludwigia, [and most species of Lopezia]; sepals usually green or red, rarely pink or purple, valvate; petals present, rarely absent, often fading darker with age, imbricate or convolute, sometimes clawed; nectary present; stamens 2 times as many as sepals and in 2 series, antisepalous set usually longer, rarely all equal (Chamaenerion), or as many as sepals, [in Lopezia reduced to 2 or 1 plus 1 sterile staminode]; filaments distinct; anthers usually versatile, sometimes basifixed, dithecal, polysporangiate, with tapetal septa, sometimes also with parenchymatous septa, opening by longitudinal slits, pollen grains united by viscin threads, (2 or)3(–5)-aperturate, shed singly or in tetrads or polyads; ovary inferior, usually with as many carpels and locules as sepals, rarely 1 or 2 (Circaea and Gayophytum), septa sometimes thin or absent at maturity; placentation axile or parietal; style 1, stigma 1, with as many lobes as sepals or clavate to globose, papillate or not, and wet with free-running secretions to dry without the secretions; ovules 1 to numerous per locule, in 1 or several rows or clustered, anatropous, bitegmic. |
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Fruit | a loculicidal capsule or indehiscent berry or nutlike. |
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Capsules | straight, narrowly cylindrical, 35–80 mm, surfaces densely strigillose; pedicel 10–35 mm. |
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Seeds | narrowly fusiform to narrowly obovoid, 1.5–2.2 ×0.5–0.7 mm, chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm, ± pronounced, surface papillose; coma persistent, dingy white, 6–8 mm. |
smooth or sculptured, sometimes with a coma or wings, with straight, oily embryo, 4-nucleate embryo sac, endosperm absent. |
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2n | = 36. |
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Epilobium leptophyllum |
Onagraceae |
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Phenology | Flowering Jun–Sep. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Marshy ground, bogs, fens, low thickets, seepage areas, damp pastures. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 0–1000(–2900) m. (0–3300(–9500) ft.) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
AK; CA; CO; CT; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NF; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; SPM
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North America; Mexico; Central America; South America; West Indies; Bermuda; Eurasia; Africa; Atlantic Islands; Indian Ocean Islands; Pacific Islands; Australasia; nearly worldwide; primarily New World |
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Discussion | The range of Epilobium leptophyllum overlaps with that of the related E. palustre, but the former is less common to the north and more common south into the midwestern United States, and absent only from most of the southern tier of states. It is also relatively uncommon in the western United States and Canada. Judging by the number of herbarium sheets that also include E. palustre, E. densum, and even E. coloratum, it sometimes occurs in sympatry with those species and may rarely hybridize with them, based on plants with intermediate morphology and/or sterile fruits. Fernald described Epilobium nesophilum from the Magdalen Islands (Quebec), and especially Newfoundland, first as a variety of E. densum (1918), then as a separate species (1925). Epilobium rosmarinifolium Pursh 1813, an illegitimate name (not Haenke 1788), pertains here. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Genera 22, species 664 (17 genera, 277 species in the flora). Members of the Onagraceae are especially richly represented in North America. The family comprises annual and perennial herbs, with some shrubs and a few small to medium-sized trees. Most species occur in open habitats, ranging from dry to wet, with a few species of Ludwigia aquatic, from the tropics to the deserts of western North America, temperate forests, and arctic tundra; some species of Epilobium, Ludwigia, and Oenothera can be weeds in disturbed habitats. Members of the family are characterized by 4-merous flowers (sometimes 2-, 5-, or 7-merous), an inferior ovary, a floral tube in most species, stamens usually two times as many as sepals, and pollen connected by viscin threads. Flowers are usually bisexual, sometimes unisexual, and plants are gynodioecious, matinal, diurnal, or vespertine, self-compatible or self-incompatible, often outcrossing and then pollinated by a wide variety of insects or birds, or autogamous (P. H. Raven 1979; W. L. Wagner et al. 2007). Onagraceae are known in considerable systematic detail, and information is available on comparative breeding systems and pollination biology, on chromosome numbers and cytogenetic relations, often involving translocations, and on vegetative, floral, and seed anatomy, palynology, and embryology. The phylogeny of the family is known in reasonably good detail, with most parts of the trees generally well-supported. The suprageneric and generic classification presented by W. L. Wagner et al. (2007) differs in a number of ways from the previous classification (P. H. Raven 1979, 1988). Onagraceae are divided into two subfamilies based on a fundamental basal split recognized in all phylogenetic studies (R. H. Eyde 1981; P. C. Hoch et al. 1993; R. A. Levin et al. 2003, 2004; V. S. Ford and L. D. Gottlieb 2007), with Ludwigia on one branch (as Ludwigioideae), and the rest of the family on a second branch (as Onagroideae). Onagroideae are subdivided into six tribes: Circaeeae (including Fuchsieae), Epilobieae, Gongylocarpeae, Hauyeae, Lopezieae, and Onagreae. The Epilobieae and Onagreae are diverse; together they constitute fully two-thirds of the species in the family and include 15 of the 22 genera. The classification following Wagner et al. can be viewed on the Onagraceae web site by Wagner and Hoch at http://botany.si.edu/Onagraceae. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Synonyms | E. densum var. nesophilum, E. nesophilum, E. oliganthum var. gracile, E. palustre var. gracile, E. squamatum, E. tenellum | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Name authority | Rafinesque: Précis Découv. Somiol., 41. (1814) | Jussieu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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