The green links below add additional plants to the comparison table. Blue links lead to other Web sites.
enable glossary links

bog willow-herb, linearleaf willowweed, narrow-leaf willowherb, slender leaf willowherb, épilobe leptophylle

rigid willowherb, Siskiyou Mountains. willowherb, stiff willowherb

Habit Herbs with threadlike, nearly leafless epigeous stolons terminating in compact, fleshy turions 3–8 × 2–4 mm. Herbs from woody caudex forming hypogeal shoots with barklike periderm.
Stems

erect, simple to loosely clustered, terete, 15–95 cm, simple to well branched, densely strigillose, often mixed glandular puberulent on inflorescence, rarely with faint strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles.

several to many, suberect or ascending, terete, 10–40 cm, simple or sparsely branched, usually glabrous and ± glaucous proximal to inflorescence, strigillose distally, sometimes densely strigillose throughout.

Leaves

opposite proximally, usually alternate, rarely fasciculate distally, subsessile;

blade linear to very narrowly elliptic or sublanceolate, 2–7.5 × 0.1–0.7 cm, usually longer than internodes, base rounded to subcuneate, margins subentire, 4–7 inconspicuous teeth per side, sometimes revolute, lateral veins inconspicuous, apex obtuse proximally to acute distally, both surfaces densely strigillose, increasing distally;

bracts not much reduced.

crowded distally, petiole 2–6 mm, blade narrowly ovate to ovate or broadly elliptic, often obovate in proximal pairs;

cauline 2–4.5 × 0.8–2 cm, base rounded to attenuate, margins subentire or finely denticulate, 8–12 teeth per side, lateral veins inconspicuous, 3–5 per side, apex obtuse proximally to subacute distally, surfaces glaucous and subglabrous to densely strigillose;

bracts narrower and much smaller.

Inflorescences

erect racemes, densely strigillose, often mixed sparsely glandular puberulent.

erect racemes, simple, ± densely strigillose, rarely mixed sparsely glandular puberulent.

Flowers

erect;

buds 3–5 × 1.5–2.5 mm;

pedicel 5–12 mm;

floral tube 0.8–1.5 × 1.2–1.8 mm, ring of spreading hairs at mouth inside;

sepals 2.5–4.5 × 0.9–1.3 mm, abaxial surface strigillose;

petals obcordate, white to light pink, 3.5–7 × 1.6–4 mm, apical notch 1–1.8 mm;

filaments white or cream, those of longer stamens 0.8–3.5 mm, those of shorter ones 0.6–2.5 mm;

anthers cream, 0.5–0.9 × 0.4–0.6 mm;

ovary 12–18 mm, densely strigillose, sometimes mixed glandular puberulent;

style cream, 2–3.8 mm, stigma narrowly clavate, entire, 1–1.8 × 0.5–1.2 mm, usually surrounded by, rarely exserted beyond, anthers.

erect;

buds 6–11 × 4–5 mm, apiculate;

pedicels 4–8 mm;

floral tube 1–1.8 × 2–3 mm, with raised ring of tissue edged with spreading hairs at mouth inside;

sepals often reddish green, lanceolate, 9.5–14.5 × 2.5–3.5 mm, apex acuminate, abaxial surface densely strigillose;

petals pink to rose-purple, obcordate, 16–20 × 13–16 mm, apical notch 3.4–5.5 mm;

filaments light pink, those of longer stamens 9–14 mm, those of shorter ones 6.5–10 mm;

anthers cream, 1.8–3.5 × 1–1.9 mm;

ovary 6–12 mm, densely strigillose;

style cream to light pink, 14.5–18.5 mm, stigma broadly 4-lobed, 1–1.5 × 3–3.5 mm, exserted beyond anthers.

Capsules

straight, narrowly cylindrical, 35–80 mm, surfaces densely strigillose;

pedicel 10–35 mm.

20–35 mm, surfaces strigillose;

pedicel 9–13 mm, bracts often attached 2–3 mm from base.

Seeds

narrowly fusiform to narrowly obovoid, 1.5–2.2 ×0.5–0.7 mm, chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm, ± pronounced, surface papillose;

coma persistent, dingy white, 6–8 mm.

narrowly obovoid, constriction 0.6–0.8 mm from micropylar end, 2.5–3.4 × 0.9–1.4 mm, chalazal collar obscure, light brown, surface papillose;

coma easily detached, white, 6–8 mm.

2n

= 36.

= 36.

Epilobium leptophyllum

Epilobium rigidum

Phenology Flowering Jun–Sep. Flowering Jul–Sep.
Habitat Marshy ground, bogs, fens, low thickets, seepage areas, damp pastures. Dry rocky or sandy benches, rocky hillsides, dry streambeds in coniferous forests, on seasonally moist serpentine slopes, rarely along disturbed roadsides.
Elevation 0–1000(–2900) m. (0–3300(–9500) ft.) 100–1200(–1500) m. (300–3900(–4900) ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AK; CA; CO; CT; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NF; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; SPM
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
CA; OR
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

The range of Epilobium leptophyllum overlaps with that of the related E. palustre, but the former is less common to the north and more common south into the midwestern United States, and absent only from most of the southern tier of states. It is also relatively uncommon in the western United States and Canada. Judging by the number of herbarium sheets that also include E. palustre, E. densum, and even E. coloratum, it sometimes occurs in sympatry with those species and may rarely hybridize with them, based on plants with intermediate morphology and/or sterile fruits.

Fernald described Epilobium nesophilum from the Magdalen Islands (Quebec), and especially Newfoundland, first as a variety of E. densum (1918), then as a separate species (1925).

Epilobium rosmarinifolium Pursh 1813, an illegitimate name (not Haenke 1788), pertains here.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Within its range in northwestern California and southwestern Oregon, Epilobium rigidum is restricted to unusually dry habitats compared to most species in sect. Epilobium, but is not unlike taxa in the non-n = 18 clade, which are both perennial and annual. It is self-compatible, but with strongly protandrous flowers and an exserted stigma, and is modally outcrossing, pollinated by bees and flies.

Plant vestiture varies from subglabrous to densely strigillose throughout (var. canescens), but plants with these differences can be in the same population, and no other morphological differences between them have been found.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Macrocarpa
Sibling taxa
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
Synonyms E. densum var. nesophilum, E. nesophilum, E. oliganthum var. gracile, E. palustre var. gracile, E. squamatum, E. tenellum E. rigidum var. canescens
Name authority Rafinesque: Précis Découv. Somiol., 41. (1814) Haussknecht: Oesterr. Bot. Z. 29: 51. (1879)
Web links