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bog willow-herb, linearleaf willowweed, narrow-leaf willowherb, slender leaf willowherb, épilobe leptophylle

yellow willowherb

Habit Herbs with threadlike, nearly leafless epigeous stolons terminating in compact, fleshy turions 3–8 × 2–4 mm. Herbs usually with scaly, subterranean soboles, rarely condensed basal turions.
Stems

erect, simple to loosely clustered, terete, 15–95 cm, simple to well branched, densely strigillose, often mixed glandular puberulent on inflorescence, rarely with faint strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles.

several, ascending to suberect, loosely clumped, subterete, 15–75 cm, simple or sparsely branched distally, subglabrous proximal to inflorescence with densely strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles, mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent distally.

Leaves

opposite proximally, usually alternate, rarely fasciculate distally, subsessile;

blade linear to very narrowly elliptic or sublanceolate, 2–7.5 × 0.1–0.7 cm, usually longer than internodes, base rounded to subcuneate, margins subentire, 4–7 inconspicuous teeth per side, sometimes revolute, lateral veins inconspicuous, apex obtuse proximally to acute distally, both surfaces densely strigillose, increasing distally;

bracts not much reduced.

opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate distally, petioles 1–3 mm proximally, subsessile distally;

blade ovate or elliptic, 2.5–7.8 × 1.2–3.5 cm, base attenuate, margins denticulate with 8–20 low, ± pellucid teeth per side, 4–7 prominent veins per side, apex acute to acuminate, surfaces subglabrous with scattered strigillose hairs on margin and abaxial midrib;

bracts much reduced, narrower, more acuminate and denticulate.

Inflorescences

erect racemes, densely strigillose, often mixed sparsely glandular puberulent.

nodding, later erect, racemes, congested, simple to sparsely branched, densely mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent.

Flowers

erect;

buds 3–5 × 1.5–2.5 mm;

pedicel 5–12 mm;

floral tube 0.8–1.5 × 1.2–1.8 mm, ring of spreading hairs at mouth inside;

sepals 2.5–4.5 × 0.9–1.3 mm, abaxial surface strigillose;

petals obcordate, white to light pink, 3.5–7 × 1.6–4 mm, apical notch 1–1.8 mm;

filaments white or cream, those of longer stamens 0.8–3.5 mm, those of shorter ones 0.6–2.5 mm;

anthers cream, 0.5–0.9 × 0.4–0.6 mm;

ovary 12–18 mm, densely strigillose, sometimes mixed glandular puberulent;

style cream, 2–3.8 mm, stigma narrowly clavate, entire, 1–1.8 × 0.5–1.2 mm, usually surrounded by, rarely exserted beyond, anthers.

erect;

buds 6–10 × 4–5 mm;

pedicel 5–8 mm;

floral tube 1.2–3 × 3–4.6 mm, ring of spreading hairs at mouth inside;

sepals greenish cream, lanceolate, 10–12 × 3–3.5 mm, abaxial surface densely glandular puberulent;

petals cream to pale yellow, 12–22 × 9–13 mm, broad apical notch 1.2–2.4 mm;

filaments cream, those of longer stamens 13–16.5 mm, those of shorter ones 10–15 mm;

anthers yellow, 2.2–3 × 0.7–1.3 mm;

ovary 20–35 mm, densely glandular puberulent;

style cream, 15–22 mm, stigma 4-lobed, 1–2 × 2.8–4.5 mm, lobes spreading to recurved, strongly exserted beyond anthers.

Capsules

straight, narrowly cylindrical, 35–80 mm, surfaces densely strigillose;

pedicel 10–35 mm.

erect, 35–75 mm, surfaces sparsely glandular puberulent;

pedicel 10–22 mm.

Seeds

narrowly fusiform to narrowly obovoid, 1.5–2.2 ×0.5–0.7 mm, chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm, ± pronounced, surface papillose;

coma persistent, dingy white, 6–8 mm.

narrowly fusiform or oblanceoloid, 1–1.2 × 0.4–0.5 mm, chalazal collar 0.06–0.1 mm, surface reticulate;

coma persistent, tawny, 6.5–8 mm.

2n

= 36.

= 36.

Epilobium leptophyllum

Epilobium luteum

Phenology Flowering Jun–Sep. Flowering Jul–Sep.
Habitat Marshy ground, bogs, fens, low thickets, seepage areas, damp pastures. Moist rocky slopes, seeps, banks of lakes, streams, springs, and gravel bars along coastal (boreal) to montane or subalpine areas near snowfields.
Elevation 0–1000(–2900) m. (0–3300(–9500) ft.) 0–2200 m. (0–7200 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AK; CA; CO; CT; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NF; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; SPM
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AK; CA; OR; WA; AB; BC
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

The range of Epilobium leptophyllum overlaps with that of the related E. palustre, but the former is less common to the north and more common south into the midwestern United States, and absent only from most of the southern tier of states. It is also relatively uncommon in the western United States and Canada. Judging by the number of herbarium sheets that also include E. palustre, E. densum, and even E. coloratum, it sometimes occurs in sympatry with those species and may rarely hybridize with them, based on plants with intermediate morphology and/or sterile fruits.

Fernald described Epilobium nesophilum from the Magdalen Islands (Quebec), and especially Newfoundland, first as a variety of E. densum (1918), then as a separate species (1925).

Epilobium rosmarinifolium Pursh 1813, an illegitimate name (not Haenke 1788), pertains here.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Epilobium luteum is one of the most distinctive species in the genus due to its large creamy flowers, a color otherwise known only in the distantly related E. suffruticosum. It appears that E. luteum is most closely related to species of the Alpinae group, sharing not only similarities in perennating habit and structures, but also the derived CC chromosome arrangement (S. R. Seavey and P. H. Raven 1977, 1978).

Because Epilobium luteum is modally outcrossing and commonly pollinated by bees, it sometimes hybridizes with several other species of Epilobium when they grow sympatrically. One recurrent hybrid combination is E. luteum × E. ciliatum subsp. glandulosum, first described and named E. ×treleasianum H. Léveillé, and later E. luteum var. lilacinum L. F. Henderson. Following a suggestion by P. A. Munz (1965) that E. ×treleasianum was a hybrid of that particular parentage, S. R. Seavey (1993) verified the relationship in a series of crossing experiments. Epilobium ×treleasianum occurs over a wide geographical range in Alaska, British Columbia, and Washington, forming repeatedly when the parental species co-occur, and often backcrossing with one or both parents, forming hybrid swarms with varying morphological combinations. It also grows vigorously vegetatively.

Another less common hybrid of Epilobium luteum was described as E. ×pulchrum Suksdorf, and a minor variant as E. ×pulchrum var. albiflorum Suksdorf (S. R. Seavey 1993). The second parent of these hybrids is less obvious, but based on morphological features, it is most likely E. hornemannii, which also grows frequently in sympatry with E. luteum.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium
Sibling taxa
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
Synonyms E. densum var. nesophilum, E. nesophilum, E. oliganthum var. gracile, E. palustre var. gracile, E. squamatum, E. tenellum
Name authority Rafinesque: Précis Découv. Somiol., 41. (1814) Pursh: Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 259. (1813)
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