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bog willow-herb, linearleaf willowweed, narrow-leaf willowherb, slender leaf willowherb, épilobe leptophylle

California willowherb, foliose willowherb, leafy willowherb, Suksdorf's willowherb

Habit Herbs with threadlike, nearly leafless epigeous stolons terminating in compact, fleshy turions 3–8 × 2–4 mm. Herbs slender.
Stems

erect, simple to loosely clustered, terete, 15–95 cm, simple to well branched, densely strigillose, often mixed glandular puberulent on inflorescence, rarely with faint strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles.

strict, terete, 5–45 cm, simple to freely branched, subglabrous to strigillose proximally, strigillose and often villous and/or glandular puberulent distally.

Leaves

opposite proximally, usually alternate, rarely fasciculate distally, subsessile;

blade linear to very narrowly elliptic or sublanceolate, 2–7.5 × 0.1–0.7 cm, usually longer than internodes, base rounded to subcuneate, margins subentire, 4–7 inconspicuous teeth per side, sometimes revolute, lateral veins inconspicuous, apex obtuse proximally to acute distally, both surfaces densely strigillose, increasing distally;

bracts not much reduced.

mostly alternate, often fasciculate distally, petiole 1–12 mm, blade spatulate proximally to narrowly lanceolate or linear distally, usually folded along midrib, 0.5–3 × 0.1–0.7 cm, base long-attenuate, margins subentire or scarcely serrulate, 2–4 remote teeth per side, lateral veins inconspicuous, apex blunt proximally to acute distally, surfaces subglabrous or with scattered short hairs on margins;

bracts much reduced, sometimes attached to pedicel.

Inflorescences

erect racemes, densely strigillose, often mixed sparsely glandular puberulent.

suberect panicles or racemes, congested distally, with few thin branches, densely strigillose, often sparsely mixed villous and glandular puberulent.

Flowers

erect;

buds 3–5 × 1.5–2.5 mm;

pedicel 5–12 mm;

floral tube 0.8–1.5 × 1.2–1.8 mm, ring of spreading hairs at mouth inside;

sepals 2.5–4.5 × 0.9–1.3 mm, abaxial surface strigillose;

petals obcordate, white to light pink, 3.5–7 × 1.6–4 mm, apical notch 1–1.8 mm;

filaments white or cream, those of longer stamens 0.8–3.5 mm, those of shorter ones 0.6–2.5 mm;

anthers cream, 0.5–0.9 × 0.4–0.6 mm;

ovary 12–18 mm, densely strigillose, sometimes mixed glandular puberulent;

style cream, 2–3.8 mm, stigma narrowly clavate, entire, 1–1.8 × 0.5–1.2 mm, usually surrounded by, rarely exserted beyond, anthers.

erect, often cleistogamous;

buds 1.1–1.9 × 0.8–1.1 mm,often apiculate;

floral tube 0.4–0.8 × 0.5–0.8 mm, with ring of short hairs at mouth inside;

sepals often reddish green, 1.3–2.5 × 0.5–0.7 mm, apex subacute;

petals white,1.4–2.5(–3) × 1–1.8 mm, apical notch 0.5–0.7 mm;

filaments white, those of longer stamens 0.9–1.3 mm, those of shorter ones 0.5–0.7 mm;

anthers 0.3–0.5 × 0.2–0.4 mm, apiculate;

ovary 4–6 mm, strigillose;

style white or cream, 1.2–1.7 mm, stigma subcapitate to obscurely 4-lobed, 0.3–0.4 × 0.4–0.6 mm, surrounded by longer anthers.

Capsules

straight, narrowly cylindrical, 35–80 mm, surfaces densely strigillose;

pedicel 10–35 mm.

12–20 mm, surfaces sparsely hairy;

pedicel 2–5 mm.

Seeds

narrowly fusiform to narrowly obovoid, 1.5–2.2 ×0.5–0.7 mm, chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm, ± pronounced, surface papillose;

coma persistent, dingy white, 6–8 mm.

obovoid, with slight constriction 0.2–0.3 mm from micropylar end, 0.6–0.9 × 0.3–0.5 mm, short chalazal collar 0.2–0.3 mm wide, grayish brown, surface low-papillose in ± irregular rows;

coma easily detached, dingy white, 2–2.5 mm.

2n

= 36.

= 32.

Epilobium leptophyllum

Epilobium foliosum

Phenology Flowering Jun–Sep. Flowering Apr–Aug.
Habitat Marshy ground, bogs, fens, low thickets, seepage areas, damp pastures. Dry, rocky slopes, roadsides, disturbed dry areas in mountains.
Elevation 0–1000(–2900) m. (0–3300(–9500) ft.) 50–2300 m. (200–7500 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AK; CA; CO; CT; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NF; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; SPM
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AZ; CA; ID; OR; WA; BC; Mexico (Baja California)
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

The range of Epilobium leptophyllum overlaps with that of the related E. palustre, but the former is less common to the north and more common south into the midwestern United States, and absent only from most of the southern tier of states. It is also relatively uncommon in the western United States and Canada. Judging by the number of herbarium sheets that also include E. palustre, E. densum, and even E. coloratum, it sometimes occurs in sympatry with those species and may rarely hybridize with them, based on plants with intermediate morphology and/or sterile fruits.

Fernald described Epilobium nesophilum from the Magdalen Islands (Quebec), and especially Newfoundland, first as a variety of E. densum (1918), then as a separate species (1925).

Epilobium rosmarinifolium Pursh 1813, an illegitimate name (not Haenke 1788), pertains here.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Epilobium foliosum is an autogamous self-compatible species, frequently with cleistogamous flowers, and even when the flowers are somewhat larger and chasmogamous, they rarely have insect visitors. S. R. Seavey et al. (1977b) tentatively determined a specimen from Guadalupe Island, 280 km off the coast of Baja California, Mexico (Palmer 4217 in 1875) as Epilobium foliosum, and an additional sheet of the same collection (GH, as Palmer 31) had mature seeds (0.75–0.8 mm, low papillose) that verify that determination. No additional collections of this affinity since that by Palmer in 1875 have been found at this locality nor elsewhere in Mexico. Another disjunct occurrence of this species, at least 600 km east of California populations in Gila County, Arizona, is equally difficult to explain, since the collections, made between 1935 and the present, are from scattered localities in the region and do not seem obviously associated with introduction from human activity.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Crossostigma
Sibling taxa
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
Synonyms E. densum var. nesophilum, E. nesophilum, E. oliganthum var. gracile, E. palustre var. gracile, E. squamatum, E. tenellum E. minutum var. foliosum, E. foliosum var. glabrum, E. minutum var. biolettii
Name authority Rafinesque: Précis Découv. Somiol., 41. (1814) (Torrey & A. Gray) Suksdorf: Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. 18: 87. (1900)
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