The green links below add additional plants to the comparison table. Blue links lead to other Web sites.
enable glossary links

bog willow-herb, linearleaf willowweed, narrow-leaf willowherb, slender leaf willowherb, épilobe leptophylle

California fire chalice, California fuchsia, firechalice, hummingbird trumpet, zauschneria

Habit Herbs with threadlike, nearly leafless epigeous stolons terminating in compact, fleshy turions 3–8 × 2–4 mm. Herbs suffruticose or not, with basal shoots from ± woody caudex, often decussate scales at base.
Stems

erect, simple to loosely clustered, terete, 15–95 cm, simple to well branched, densely strigillose, often mixed glandular puberulent on inflorescence, rarely with faint strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles.

erect to ascending, often clumped but not matted, green or gray-green, terete, 10–110(–120) cm, usually well-branched throughout, sometimes simple, strigillose and/or long-villous, usually mixed glandular puberulent distally, rarely glabrate.

Leaves

opposite proximally, usually alternate, rarely fasciculate distally, subsessile;

blade linear to very narrowly elliptic or sublanceolate, 2–7.5 × 0.1–0.7 cm, usually longer than internodes, base rounded to subcuneate, margins subentire, 4–7 inconspicuous teeth per side, sometimes revolute, lateral veins inconspicuous, apex obtuse proximally to acute distally, both surfaces densely strigillose, increasing distally;

bracts not much reduced.

± densely spaced, alternate and often fasciculate distally, subsessile, blade grayish green or green to silvery-canescent, usually narrowly linear to lanceolate or elliptic to ovate, rarely orbiculate, 0.6–5(–6) × 0.1–2.5 cm, base cuneate to attenuate, margins subentire to sharply toothed, 3–15 teeth per side, veins inconspicuous or prominent, 3–7 per side, apex acute, sometimes with caducous dark mucro, surfaces usually ± densely strigillose, sometimes mixed villous and/or glandular puberulent, rarely glabrate;

bracts much smaller and narrower.

Inflorescences

erect racemes, densely strigillose, often mixed sparsely glandular puberulent.

erect spikes or racemes, loose to congested, often branched, glandular puberulent and sometimes mixed strigillose or villous.

Flowers

erect;

buds 3–5 × 1.5–2.5 mm;

pedicel 5–12 mm;

floral tube 0.8–1.5 × 1.2–1.8 mm, ring of spreading hairs at mouth inside;

sepals 2.5–4.5 × 0.9–1.3 mm, abaxial surface strigillose;

petals obcordate, white to light pink, 3.5–7 × 1.6–4 mm, apical notch 1–1.8 mm;

filaments white or cream, those of longer stamens 0.8–3.5 mm, those of shorter ones 0.6–2.5 mm;

anthers cream, 0.5–0.9 × 0.4–0.6 mm;

ovary 12–18 mm, densely strigillose, sometimes mixed glandular puberulent;

style cream, 2–3.8 mm, stigma narrowly clavate, entire, 1–1.8 × 0.5–1.2 mm, usually surrounded by, rarely exserted beyond, anthers.

buds 11–18 × 4–6 mm, subsessile or pedicels 1–2 mm;

floral tube same color as petals, 16–32 × 5–8 mm, base slightly bulbous, ring of 8 irregular scales at base of filaments 4–6.5 mm from base inside;

sepals same color as petals, 7–15 × 3.5–5 mm, abaxial surface densely pubescent;

petals usually orange-red, very rarely white, obcordate, 8–17 × 5–9.5 mm, apical notch 2–3 mm;

filaments light orange-red to white, those of longer stamens 12.5–32 mm, those of shorter ones 10–25 mm;

anthers 2.7–4x 0.8–1.2 mm, apiculate;

ovary 8–15 mm, glandular puberulent, often mixed villous;

style light orange-red, 42–65 mm, glabrous, stigma 4-lobed, 1–1.4 × 2.4–3 mm, exserted 8–15 mm beyond anthers.

Capsules

straight, narrowly cylindrical, 35–80 mm, surfaces densely strigillose;

pedicel 10–35 mm.

straight or ± curved-ascending, 15–35 mm, sometimes beaked, surfaces glandular puberulent and strigillose;

subsessile or pedicel 0–3 mm.

Seeds

narrowly fusiform to narrowly obovoid, 1.5–2.2 ×0.5–0.7 mm, chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm, ± pronounced, surface papillose;

coma persistent, dingy white, 6–8 mm.

broadly to narrowly obovoid, with constriction 0.6–0.8 mm from micropylar end, 1.5–2.6 × 0.9–1.3 mm, chalazal collar inconspicuous, light brown, surface low papillose;

coma easily detached, dingy white, 5.5–7 mm.

2n

= 36.

Epilobium leptophyllum

Epilobium canum

Phenology Flowering Jun–Sep.
Habitat Marshy ground, bogs, fens, low thickets, seepage areas, damp pastures.
Elevation 0–1000(–2900) m. (0–3300(–9500) ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AK; CA; CO; CT; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NF; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; SPM
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from USDA
sw United States; nw Mexico
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

The range of Epilobium leptophyllum overlaps with that of the related E. palustre, but the former is less common to the north and more common south into the midwestern United States, and absent only from most of the southern tier of states. It is also relatively uncommon in the western United States and Canada. Judging by the number of herbarium sheets that also include E. palustre, E. densum, and even E. coloratum, it sometimes occurs in sympatry with those species and may rarely hybridize with them, based on plants with intermediate morphology and/or sterile fruits.

Fernald described Epilobium nesophilum from the Magdalen Islands (Quebec), and especially Newfoundland, first as a variety of E. densum (1918), then as a separate species (1925).

Epilobium rosmarinifolium Pursh 1813, an illegitimate name (not Haenke 1788), pertains here.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Subspecies 3 (3 in the flora).

This treatment recognizes three self-compatible but highly outcrossing subspecies marked by distinct but sometimes intergrading morphology and overlapping geographical ranges. R. N. Bowman and P. C. Hoch (1979) agreed with the treatment of Epilobium canum subsp. garrettii (n = 15) and subsp. latifolium (n = 30) by P. H. Raven (1976), but considering the complex intergrading patterns of variation involving the rest of this species, they combined the two remaining tetraploid subspecies recognized by Raven (subspp. angustifolium and mexicanum) with the remaining diploid subspecies into a single polyploid subsp. canum.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Leaf blades linear to narrowly lanceolate or elliptic, rarely to narrowly ovate, 0.6–4.5 × 0.1–0.6(–0.8) cm, usually less than 0.6 cm wide, often fascicled distally, herbaceous to suffrutescent; stems 20–110(–120) cm.
subsp. canum
1. Leaf blades lanceolate to broadly ovate, 0.8–5(–6) × 0.4–2.3 cm, usually more than 0.6 cm wide, not fascicled; herbaceous; stems 10–50(–70) cm.
→ 2
2. Leaf blades usually lanceolate to ovate or broadly elliptical, rarely orbiculate, not coriaceous, margins subentire to distinctly denticulate, lateral veins obscure to conspicuous.
subsp. latifolium
2. Leaf blades ovate to broadly elliptical, coriaceous, margins prominently denticulate, lateral veins conspicuous.
subsp. garrettii
Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Zauschneria
Sibling taxa
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
Subordinate taxa
E. canum subsp. canum, E. canum subsp. garrettii, E. canum subsp. latifolium
Synonyms E. densum var. nesophilum, E. nesophilum, E. oliganthum var. gracile, E. palustre var. gracile, E. squamatum, E. tenellum Zauschneria cana
Name authority Rafinesque: Précis Découv. Somiol., 41. (1814) (Greene) P. H. Raven: Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 63: 335. (1977)
Web links