Epilobium leptophyllum |
Epilobium brachycarpum |
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bog willow-herb, linearleaf willowweed, narrow-leaf willowherb, slender leaf willowherb, épilobe leptophylle |
autumn willowherb, tall annual willowherb, tall willowherb, willow herb, épilobe d'automne |
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Habit | Herbs with threadlike, nearly leafless epigeous stolons terminating in compact, fleshy turions 3–8 × 2–4 mm. | Herbs slender. |
Stems | erect, simple to loosely clustered, terete, 15–95 cm, simple to well branched, densely strigillose, often mixed glandular puberulent on inflorescence, rarely with faint strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles. |
erect, terete, 15–200 cm, simple to paniculate-branched (especially in larger plants), glabrous proximally, strigillose distally, sometimes mixed glandular puberulent. |
Leaves | opposite proximally, usually alternate, rarely fasciculate distally, subsessile; blade linear to very narrowly elliptic or sublanceolate, 2–7.5 × 0.1–0.7 cm, usually longer than internodes, base rounded to subcuneate, margins subentire, 4–7 inconspicuous teeth per side, sometimes revolute, lateral veins inconspicuous, apex obtuse proximally to acute distally, both surfaces densely strigillose, increasing distally; bracts not much reduced. |
subsessile or petiole 1–4 mm, blade linear to linear-lanceolate or narrowly elliptical, often folded along midrib, 1–5.5(–7) × 0.1–0.8 cm, usually shorter than internodes, base tapered or cuneate, margins remotely denticulate, 2–10 teeth per side, lateral veins obscure, 2–5 per side, apex acute or acuminate, surfaces subglabrous and sometimes glaucous to strigillose; bracts very reduced, sometimes attached to pedicel. |
Inflorescences | erect racemes, densely strigillose, often mixed sparsely glandular puberulent. |
erect, open panicles with filiform branches or simple racemes, glabrous or strigillose, often mixed glandular puberulent. |
Flowers | erect; buds 3–5 × 1.5–2.5 mm; pedicel 5–12 mm; floral tube 0.8–1.5 × 1.2–1.8 mm, ring of spreading hairs at mouth inside; sepals 2.5–4.5 × 0.9–1.3 mm, abaxial surface strigillose; petals obcordate, white to light pink, 3.5–7 × 1.6–4 mm, apical notch 1–1.8 mm; filaments white or cream, those of longer stamens 0.8–3.5 mm, those of shorter ones 0.6–2.5 mm; anthers cream, 0.5–0.9 × 0.4–0.6 mm; ovary 12–18 mm, densely strigillose, sometimes mixed glandular puberulent; style cream, 2–3.8 mm, stigma narrowly clavate, entire, 1–1.8 × 0.5–1.2 mm, usually surrounded by, rarely exserted beyond, anthers. |
usually erect; buds 1–12 × 1–3.5 mm; floral tube obconic to funnel-form, 1–16 × 0.8–2.9 mm, with ring of spreading hairs near mouth inside, in larger flowers, ring swollen; sepals green to reddish green, 1–8.5 × 0.8–2.1 mm, apex acute, abaxial surface strigillose and glandular puberulent to subglabrous; petals white to pink or deep rose-purple, 1.5–15(–20) × 1–7.5 mm, apical notch 0.5–6.5 mm; filaments usually cream-white, rarely pink, those of longer stamens 1–9.5 mm, those of shorter ones 0.5–6.3 mm; anthers cream, 0.5–4 × 0.3–2 mm; ovary 2–16 mm, strigillose, often mixed glandular puberulent, to subglabrous; style cream, 2–18 mm, stigma clavate to subcapitate, entire to deeply 4-lobed, 0.5–1.9 × 0.3–2.5 mm, surrounded by stamens or (in some larger flowers) exserted beyond anthers. |
Capsules | straight, narrowly cylindrical, 35–80 mm, surfaces densely strigillose; pedicel 10–35 mm. |
erect or ascending, 15–32 mm, surfaces strigillose and glandular puberulent or glabrous; pedicel 1–17 mm. |
Seeds | narrowly fusiform to narrowly obovoid, 1.5–2.2 ×0.5–0.7 mm, chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm, ± pronounced, surface papillose; coma persistent, dingy white, 6–8 mm. |
obovoid to broadly obovoid, with constriction 0.3–0.7 mm from micropylar end, 1.5–2.7 × 0.8–1.3 mm, chalazal collar inconspicuous, brown or gray, often flecked with darker spots, surface low papillose; coma easily detached, white to dingy white, 5–10 mm. |
2n | = 36. |
= 24. |
Epilobium leptophyllum |
Epilobium brachycarpum |
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Phenology | Flowering Jun–Sep. | Flowering Jun–Sep. |
Habitat | Marshy ground, bogs, fens, low thickets, seepage areas, damp pastures. | Open, dry or seasonally moist, often disturbed ground in open woods, meadows, prairies, roadsides and stream banks. |
Elevation | 0–1000(–2900) m. (0–3300(–9500) ft.) | 0–3000 m. (0–9800 ft.) |
Distribution |
AK; CA; CO; CT; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NF; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; SPM
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AZ; CA; CO; ID; KY; MT; ND; NM; NV; OR; SD; UT; WA; WI; WY; AB; BC; MB; ON; QC; SK [Introduced in South America (Argentina), Europe (Germany, Spain)]
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Discussion | The range of Epilobium leptophyllum overlaps with that of the related E. palustre, but the former is less common to the north and more common south into the midwestern United States, and absent only from most of the southern tier of states. It is also relatively uncommon in the western United States and Canada. Judging by the number of herbarium sheets that also include E. palustre, E. densum, and even E. coloratum, it sometimes occurs in sympatry with those species and may rarely hybridize with them, based on plants with intermediate morphology and/or sterile fruits. Fernald described Epilobium nesophilum from the Magdalen Islands (Quebec), and especially Newfoundland, first as a variety of E. densum (1918), then as a separate species (1925). Epilobium rosmarinifolium Pursh 1813, an illegitimate name (not Haenke 1788), pertains here. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
The presence of Epilobium brachycarpum in Kentucky and Wisconsin is in railroad yards, so possibly ephemeral. This species occurs as an adventive in Argentina, possibly by natural long-distance dispersal (J. C. Solomon 1982), and in Spain (J. Izco 1983) and Germany (T. Gregor et al. 2013), probably from human introduction, since it frequently occurs as a weed on margins of cultivated fields (L. H. Shinners 1941). Most populations of this self-compatible species have small autogamous flowers, but some populations with larger outcrossing flowers that exhibit marked protandry and herkogamy are pollinated by bees, butterflies, and occasionally hummingbirds. Mature plants of Epilobium brachycarpum sometimes have only alternate or fasciculate leaves. However, seedlings always have opposite leaves in first pairs, but these are often deciduous. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. |
Parent taxa | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Xerolobium |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | E. densum var. nesophilum, E. nesophilum, E. oliganthum var. gracile, E. palustre var. gracile, E. squamatum, E. tenellum | E. adenocladum, E. altissimum, E. apricum, E. fasciculatum, E. hammondii, E. jucundum, E. jucundum var. viridifolium, E. laevicaule, E. paniculatum, E. paniculatum var. hammondii, E. paniculatum var. jucundum, E. paniculatum var. laevicaule, E. paniculatum var. subulatum, E. paniculatum var. tracyi, E. subulatum, E. tracyi |
Name authority | Rafinesque: Précis Découv. Somiol., 41. (1814) | C. Presl: Reliq. Haenk. 2: 30. (1831) |
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