Epilobium hirsutum
Onagraceae tribe Epilobieae
codlins-and-cream, fiddle grass, fiddle grass willowherb, great or great hairy willowherb, great willowherb, hairy willlowherb, hairy willow-herb, épilobe hirsute
erect to ascending, often clumped, terete, 25–120(–250) cm, unusually thick, 3–9 mm diam., well branched mainly in distal 1/2, densely long-villous throughout, usually mixed glandular puberulent distally, rarely sparsely villous or densely white-tomentose.
opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate distally, sessile and ± clasping stem;
blade elliptic-lanceolate to narrowly obovate or elliptic, 4–12(–23) × 0.3–4(–5) cm, base cuneate to attenuate, margins serrulate, 15–50 teeth per side, veins 6–9 per side, apex acute to acuminate or obtuse proximally, surfaces ± densely villous;
bracts moderately reduced.
opposite at least near base or throughout, alternate distally, or sometimes alternate throughout;
stipules absent.
erect racemes or panicles, usually densely villous and glandular puberulent, rarely tomentose.
erect;
buds 5–9 × 1.8–4.5 mm, sometimes beaked;
pedicel 3–11 mm;
floral tube 1.3–2.9 × 2.2–4 mm, conspicuous ring of spreading hairs near mouth inside;
sepals oblong-linear, often keeled, 6–12 × 1–3 mm, abaxial surface densely pubescent;
petals bright pink to rose-purple, rarely white, broadly obcordate, 9–20 × 7–15 mm, apical notch 1–3 mm;
filaments white or pink, those of longer stamens 5–10 mm, those of shorter ones 2.5–6 mm;
anthers cream, 1.5–3 × 0.6–1.2 mm;
ovary 15–34 mm, densely villous and glandular puberulent;
style white or pink, 5–12 mm, usually glabrous, stigma deeply 4-lobed, 1.8–2.2 × 3–5.5 mm, lobes recurved or spreading, exserted beyond anthers.
actinomorphic or slightly zygomorphic, 4-merous;
sepals erect or spreading;
stamens 2 times as many as sepals;
pollen shed in tetrads or monads.
a slender, cylindrical, loculicidal capsule.
often flushed purple, 25–90 mm, surfaces usually densely villous and glandular puberulent, rarely glabrescent;
pedicel 5–20 mm.
narrowly obovoid, 0.8–1.2 × 0.3–0.6 mm, chalazal collar inconspicuous, dark brown, surface coarsely papillose;
coma easily detached, tawny or dull white, 7–10 mm.
(1 or) many per locule, with tuft of hairs (coma) at chalazal end, sometimes without coma.
= 36.
Epilobium hirsutum
Onagraceae tribe Epilobieae
Epilobium hirsutum is very widespread in cool temperate Eurasia and montane regions, occurring throughout Europe except in the far north (P. H. Raven 1968), through the Caucasus and central Asia (E. I. Steinberg 1949) to Nepal (Raven 1962), China (Chen C. J. et al. 1992), and Japan (A. W. Lievens and P. C. Hoch 1999). It occurs as well along the Mediterranean coast of Africa, through East Africa to southern Africa, and in the Canary and Cape Verde Islands (Raven 1967).
Epilobium hirsutum exceeds almost all other species of the genus in stature, so its size, very large flowers, and densely villous aspect make it easy to identify. R. L. Stuckey (1970) provided a detailed account of the introduction and spread of E. hirsutum in North America, noting the earliest known collection (July 1829) was from Newport, Rhode Island. Most early collections appeared in waste areas, particularly near harbor ballast piles, although some may have been grown in gardens. By the 1890s this species was well established along the Atlantic coastal region from New Jersey and Philadelphia through New England, and around Niagara Falls in the Great Lakes region. During the twentieth century, E. hirsutum spread extensively in southern Ontario and Quebec, south along the Atlantic coast to Maryland, and to all of the states along the southern shores of the Great Lakes, most recently including Wisconsin (1970), and Indiana (1972). It occurs in much the same habitat as that of another, more widely publicized invader, Lythrum salicaria, and sometimes is recorded as a companion species. The earliest known collection in western North America was made in 1933 in Bingen (Klickitat County), Washington. Whether from that introduction or others, E. hirsutum is now naturalized and widespread in the Pacific Northwest. It also was reported recently from the Denver region in Colorado and near Midway in Utah.
Epilobium grandiflorum F. H. Wiggers and E. grandiflorum Allioni are illegitimate names that pertain here.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Genera 2, species 173 (2 genera, 43 species in the flora).
Epilobium and its close relatives have been recognized historically either as part of Onagreae (A. P. de Candolle 1828b), sometimes as a subtribe (É. Spach 1834–1848, vol. 4; J. Torrey and A. Gray 1838–1843, vol. 1), or as the distinct Epilobieae (R. Raimann 1893; P. A. Munz 1965; P. H. Raven 1976). The synapomorphies for Epilobieae as currently delimited include its highly condensed, heteropycnotic chromosomes with a base chromosome number of x = 18, sepals held erect or spreading (not reflexed) throughout anthesis, and the presence of a coma of hairs on the seeds (secondarily lost in some species). Molecular support for the tribe is strong (97–100% BOOTSTRAP support; D. A. Baum et al. 1994; R. A. Levin et al. 2004).
Endlicher established Epilobieae and included Oenothera within it; it is unclear how or whether his concept differed from Onagreae of A. P. de Candolle (1828b). É. Spach (1834–1848, vol. 4) recognized these genera as Onagreae and differentiated so-called sect. Oenotherinae from sect. Epilobieae, placing in the latter not only Epilobium and related groups, but also Clarkia and its segregates. J. Torrey and A. Gray (1840) excluded Clarkia from their Epilobiinae and also excluded Boisduvalia, a delimitation also followed by R. Raimann (1893) for his Epilobieae. Epilobieae did not assume its current delimitation, including only Epilobium and its close relatives, until the works of P. A. Munz (1941) and P. H. Raven (1964).
G. L. Stebbins (1971) and P. H. Raven (1976) considered the diverse chromosome numbers in Epilobieae and proposed that the species of Boisduvalia (now a section of Epilobium) with n = 9 or 10 represented the original base chromosome number for the tribe, and that these numbers were derived from x = 11 which is found in Circaeeae, Gongylocarpeae, and Lopezieae (W. L. Wagner et al. 2007). They proposed a series of aneuploid reductions from n = 9 or 10 to n = 6, followed by polyploidy to produce the array of numbers in Epilobium (n = 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 30) and Boisduvalia (n = 9, 10, 15, 19). D. A. Baum et al. (1994) demonstrated that molecular data did not support that hypothesis and found that a monophyletic Chamaenerion (n = 18, 36, 54) forms a strongly distinct sister branch to Epilobium, within which sect. Epilobium (n = 18) is monophyletic and sister to the rest of Epilobium, including the former segregates Boisduvalia and Zauschneria. The data from Baum et al. suggested that Epilobieae are primitively polyploid, with numbers based on x = 18, which is unique in the family. Using comparable sampling and some additional genes, R. A. Levin et al. (2004) found strong support for the phylogeny proposed by Baum et al.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
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