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codlins-and-cream, fiddle grass, fiddle grass willowherb, great or great hairy willowherb, great willowherb, hairy willlowherb, hairy willow-herb, épilobe hirsute

glaucous willowherb, glaucus willowherb, smooth willowherb

Habit Herbs usually robust and rank, sometimes woody near base, with thick, ropelike stolons to 1 m with scattered cataphylls and, often, terminal leafy rosette. Herbs with branching, wiry basal shoots with crowded, often dark, scales.
Stems

erect to ascending, often clumped, terete, 25–120(–250) cm, unusually thick, 3–9 mm diam., well branched mainly in distal 1/2, densely long-villous throughout, usually mixed glandular puberulent distally, rarely sparsely villous or densely white-tomentose.

many, erect or ascending, often densely clumped, slender, terete, 5–75(–85) cm, simple or distally branched, glabrous and glaucous, sometimes strigillose and/or mixed glandular puberulent distally, rarely with faint raised strigillose lines decurrent from margins of distal petioles.

Leaves

opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate distally, sessile and ± clasping stem;

blade elliptic-lanceolate to narrowly obovate or elliptic, 4–12(–23) × 0.3–4(–5) cm, base cuneate to attenuate, margins serrulate, 15–50 teeth per side, veins 6–9 per side, apex acute to acuminate or obtuse proximally, surfaces ± densely villous;

bracts moderately reduced.

opposite and crowded proximal to inflorescence, alternate and widely spaced distally, subsessile and ± clasping;

blade light green or blue-green, very narrowly lanceolate to narrowly ovate or elliptic, (0.5–)1–7.2 × (0.3–)0.5–1.8 cm, base cuneate, margins subentire or faintly denticulate, 8–15 teeth per side, veins inconspicuous, 3–6 per side, apex obtuse proximally to acute distally, glabrous and glaucous;

bracts much reduced and narrower.

Inflorescences

erect racemes or panicles, usually densely villous and glandular puberulent, rarely tomentose.

erect racemes, glabrous or ± sparsely glandular puberulent, sometimes mixed strigillose.

Flowers

erect;

buds 5–9 × 1.8–4.5 mm, sometimes beaked;

pedicel 3–11 mm;

floral tube 1.3–2.9 × 2.2–4 mm, conspicuous ring of spreading hairs near mouth inside;

sepals oblong-linear, often keeled, 6–12 × 1–3 mm, abaxial surface densely pubescent;

petals bright pink to rose-purple, rarely white, broadly obcordate, 9–20 × 7–15 mm, apical notch 1–3 mm;

filaments white or pink, those of longer stamens 5–10 mm, those of shorter ones 2.5–6 mm;

anthers cream, 1.5–3 × 0.6–1.2 mm;

ovary 15–34 mm, densely villous and glandular puberulent;

style white or pink, 5–12 mm, usually glabrous, stigma deeply 4-lobed, 1.8–2.2 × 3–5.5 mm, lobes recurved or spreading, exserted beyond anthers.

erect;

buds 2.5–5 × 2–3.5 mm;

pedicel 2–11(–20) mm;

floral tube 0.7–2.3 × 1–2.5 mm, ring of spreading hairs at mouth inside or without a ring;

sepals often red-tipped, sometimes keeled, 2.5–7.5 × 0.8–2 mm, abaxial surface glabrous or strigillose and/or glandular puberulent;

petals usually light pink to rose-purple, rarely white, 3.4–10(–12) × 1.8–5 mm, apical notch 0.5–3 mm;

filaments purple to white or cream, those of longer stamens 2.4–5(–6) mm, those of shorter ones 1.4–4 mm;

anthers light yellow, 0.5–1.2(–1.5) × 0.3–0.7 mm;

ovary 10–42 mm, subglabrous to sparsely mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent;

style light yellow or cream, 1.7–5(–7) mm, stigma clavate to subcapitate, 0.8–3 × 0.5–1.2 mm, usually surrounded by, rarely exserted beyond, longer anthers.

Capsules

often flushed purple, 25–90 mm, surfaces usually densely villous and glandular puberulent, rarely glabrescent;

pedicel 5–20 mm.

15–75 mm, with small protuberance at base, surfaces subglabrous to sparsely mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent;

pedicel 5–18(–25) mm.

Seeds

narrowly obovoid, 0.8–1.2 × 0.3–0.6 mm, chalazal collar inconspicuous, dark brown, surface coarsely papillose;

coma easily detached, tawny or dull white, 7–10 mm.

narrowly obovoid, 0.7–1(–1.3) × 0.3–0.5 mm, chalazal collar inconspicuous, light brown or gray, surface coarsely papillose in longitudinal rows;

coma readily detached, white, 4–9 mm.

2n

= 36.

Epilobium hirsutum

Epilobium glaberrimum

Phenology Flowering Jun–Sep.
Habitat Low wet areas along streams, rivers, ponds, and lakes, roadside ditches, along railroad tracks, marshes and swampy areas.
Elevation 0–150[–3000] m. (0–500[–9800] ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
CO; CT; IL; IN; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OR; PA; RI; UT; VT; WA; WI; WV; BC; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC; Eurasia; Africa [Introduced in North America]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from USDA
w North America; nw Mexico
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Epilobium hirsutum is very widespread in cool temperate Eurasia and montane regions, occurring throughout Europe except in the far north (P. H. Raven 1968), through the Caucasus and central Asia (E. I. Steinberg 1949) to Nepal (Raven 1962), China (Chen C. J. et al. 1992), and Japan (A. W. Lievens and P. C. Hoch 1999). It occurs as well along the Mediterranean coast of Africa, through East Africa to southern Africa, and in the Canary and Cape Verde Islands (Raven 1967).

Epilobium hirsutum exceeds almost all other species of the genus in stature, so its size, very large flowers, and densely villous aspect make it easy to identify. R. L. Stuckey (1970) provided a detailed account of the introduction and spread of E. hirsutum in North America, noting the earliest known collection (July 1829) was from Newport, Rhode Island. Most early collections appeared in waste areas, particularly near harbor ballast piles, although some may have been grown in gardens. By the 1890s this species was well established along the Atlantic coastal region from New Jersey and Philadelphia through New England, and around Niagara Falls in the Great Lakes region. During the twentieth century, E. hirsutum spread extensively in southern Ontario and Quebec, south along the Atlantic coast to Maryland, and to all of the states along the southern shores of the Great Lakes, most recently including Wisconsin (1970), and Indiana (1972). It occurs in much the same habitat as that of another, more widely publicized invader, Lythrum salicaria, and sometimes is recorded as a companion species. The earliest known collection in western North America was made in 1933 in Bingen (Klickitat County), Washington. Whether from that introduction or others, E. hirsutum is now naturalized and widespread in the Pacific Northwest. It also was reported recently from the Denver region in Colorado and near Midway in Utah.

Epilobium grandiflorum F. H. Wiggers and E. grandiflorum Allioni are illegitimate names that pertain here.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Subspecies 2 (2 in the flora).

Epilobium glaberrimum is restricted mainly to the Sierra Nevada-Cascade region, but also (subsp. fastigiatum) in the northern Rocky Mountains. It is one of the more easily identified species due to its consistently glabrous and glaucous aspect. Although the distributions and elevational ranges of the two subspecies appear to overlap extensively, they are largely allopatric with subsp. glaberrimum occurring in lower to mid montane zones and subsp. fastigiatum in upper montane to subalpine zones in the southern part of its range, and in lower zones farther north.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Stems 20–75(–85) cm; leaf blades (2–)3–7.2 cm, very narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate or narrowly elliptic (length/width ratio more than 4); capsules 45–75 mm; petals (4–)5–10(–12) mm.
subsp. glaberrimum
1. Stems 5–35 cm; leaf blades (0.5–)1–3.4 cm, lanceolate to narrowly ovate or elliptic (length/width ratio less than 4); capsules 15–45(–55) mm; petals 3.4–8 mm.
subsp. fastigiatum
Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium
Sibling taxa
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
Subordinate taxa
E. glaberrimum subsp. fastigiatum, E. glaberrimum subsp. glaberrimum
Synonyms Chamaenerion hirsutum, E. amplexicaule, E. aquaticum, E. hirsutum var. villosum, E. villosum E. fastigiatum var. glaberrimum
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 347. (1753) Barbey in W. H. Brewer et al.: Bot. California 1: 220. (1876)
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