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glandular willowherb, Hall's willowherb, Sierra willowherb

milk-flower willowherb, white-flower willow-herb, épilobe à fleurs blanches

Habit Herbs with small, 3–6 mm, round or oblong, compact turions 1–5 cm below ground. Herbs with short, leafy epigeal soboles.
Stems

strict, erect, terete, 2–50(–60) cm, rarely branched only in larger plants, subglabrous proximal to inflorescence except for raised strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles, or sometimes ± densely long-villous throughout with inconspicuous decurrent lines.

ascending to suberect, often clumped, terete, 15–50 cm, usually simple, rarely branched proximally, subglabrous proximal to inflorescence except for raised densely strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles, usually mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent distally.

Leaves

opposite proximally, alternate on inflorescence, subsessile or proximally with petioles 1–1.5 mm;

blade ovate proximally to lanceolate or narrowly elliptic distally, 0.5–4.7 × 0.2–1.4 cm, base rounded to cuneate, margins subentire proximally to denticulate distally, 8–20 teeth per side, veins inconspicuous, 3–6 per side, apex obtuse to subacute, surfaces mostly glabrous with strigillose margins;

bracts much reduced.

opposite proximal to inflorescence or just proximal 1/3, alternate distally, petiole 3–12 mm, ± winged;

blade broadly spatulate to ovate proximally, narrowly ovate to narrowly lanceolate distally, 2–5.5 × 0.8–2.4 cm, base attenuate to cuneate, margins subentire proximally to denticulate distally with 7–16 teeth per side, more marked distally, lateral veins inconspicuous, 4–8 per side, apex obtuse proximally to subacute distally, surfaces glabrous except for strigillose margins;

bracts reduced and narrower.

Inflorescences

usually nodding in bud, erect later, open racemes, sometimes congested, usually mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent, rarely also mixed villous, or rarely subglabrous.

nodding in bud, later erect, ± open racemes, mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent.

Flowers

erect;

buds 2–5 × 1–2 mm;

pedicel 3–8 mm;

floral tube 0.5–1.7 × 0.8–1.6 mm, with slightly raised ring of spreading hairs at mouth inside;

sepals green, 1.2–2.8 × 0.5–1 mm, abaxial surface subglabrous or sparsely glandular puberulent;

petals white, often fading pink, 1.6–5.5 × 1.2–3 mm, apical notch 0.3–1.2 mm;

filaments white or cream, those of longer stamens 0.6–2.5 mm, those of shorter ones 0.4–1.5 mm;

anthers cream, 0.2–0.9 × 0.2–0.5 mm;

ovary 10–14 mm, strigillose and glandular puberulent or subglabrous;

style cream, 0.8–5 mm, stigma clavate, entire, 0.4–1.2 × 0.3–0.7 mm, usually surrounded by, rarely exserted beyond, anthers.

suberect;

buds 2–5 × 1.5–3.5 mm;

pedicel 5–15 mm;

floral tube 1–2.2 × 1–3 mm, inner surface glabrous without ring;

sepals often flushed purplish red, frequently keeled, (2–)3–5.5 × 0.9–1.8 mm, abaxial surface sparsely glandular puberulent, sometimes mixed strigillose;

petals white, rarely with red veins or flushed light pink, 3–8.5 × 1.6–4.5 mm, apical notch 0.7–1.4 mm;

filaments white to cream, those of longer stamens 1.4–4 mm, those of shorter ones 1.1–3 mm;

anthers light yellow, 0.4–0.9 × 0.3–0.6 mm;

ovary 20–40 mm, glandular puberulent;

style cream or white, 1.4–4.6 mm, stigma clavate or rarely subcapitate and indented apically, entire, 1.2–2.5 × 0.4–1.6 mm, surrounded by anthers.

Capsules

very narrowly cylindrical, (15–)24–60 mm, surfaces usually subglabrous to mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent, rarely sparsely villous;

pedicel 8–40 mm.

slender, sometimes flushed reddish green, ± ascending, 50–100 mm, surfaces sparsely glandular puberulent;

pedicel 15–45 mm.

Seeds

narrowly fusiform to narrowly obovoid, 1.1–1.6 × 0.4–0.6 mm, chalazal collar ± conspicuous, 0.05–0.2 mm, light brown, surface papillose;

coma easily detached, white, 3–6 mm.

narrowly obovoid, 1.1–1.7 × 0.4–0.6 mm, chalazal collar 0.05–0.1 mm, blond or light brown, surface reticulate or sometimes barely rugose;

coma easily detached, white, 7–14 mm.

2n

= 36.

= 36.

Epilobium hallianum

Epilobium lactiflorum

Phenology Flowering Jun–Sep. Flowering Jun–Sep.
Habitat Semi-shaded stream banks, wet grassy slopes or meadows, bogs, seasonally wet sites, vernal pools. Montane stream banks, moist crevices and ledges, gravelly roadsides, burned-over woodlands, sandy moraines, subalpine forests, alpine meadows.
Elevation 100–3700 m. (300–12100 ft.) 50–3800 m. (200–12500 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AZ; CA; CO; ID; MT; NM; NV; OR; SD; UT; WA; WY; AB; BC; SK
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AK; AZ; CA; CO; ID; ME; MT; NH; NM; NV; OR; UT; VT; WA; WY; AB; BC; NB; NL; NS; NT; ON; QC; YT; Greenland; Eurasia
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Epilobium hallianum has condensed fleshy turions and generally strict habit, suggesting an affinity with E. ciliatum or E. saximontanum, both with the AA arrangement. However, E. hallianum has the BB arrangement (S. R. Seavey and P. H. Raven 1978) and apparently more distant relationship to those other species.

In different parts of its geographical range Epilobium hallianum shows considerable morphological variability, especially in leaf shape and margins, and in type and pattern of stem vestiture, including plants in the southern part of its range with densely villous stems that have been treated as E. ursinum. In part because of this variability and in part because the very characteristic condensed turions are easily lost during collection and/or often overlooked, E. hallianum is frequently misidentified.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Epilobium lactiflorum has a nearly circum-subarctic distribution in North America (including coastal Greenland) and Eurasia, extending south into alpine and cool montane habitats along mountain axes. This distribution is similar to that of E. anagallidifolium and E. hornemannii (all with CC chromosomal arrangement), and these species commonly grow in similar habitats as well.

Petal color can be variable in many Epilobium species, but E. lactiflorum (white flowers) differs quite consistently from E. hornemannii (rose-purple to light pink or rarely white) in that feature. Mature fruits and pedicels are also fairly longer in E. lactiflorum. Despite their morphological similarities and broadly overlapping ranges and habitats, E. lactiflorum and E. hornemannii subsp. hornemannii do not appear to hybridize with much frequency, although intermediates, with only moderately reduced seed fertility, might be difficult to detect.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium
Sibling taxa
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
Synonyms E. brevistylum var. pringleanum, E. brevistylum var. subfalcatum, E. brevistylum var. tenue, E. brevistylum var. ursinum, E. delicatum var. tenue, E. glandulosum var. tenue, E. pringleanum, E. pringleanum var. tenue, E. ursinum, E. ursinum var. subfalcatum E. alpinum var. lactiflorum, E. canadense, E. canadense var. albescens, E. hornemannii var. lactiflorum
Name authority Haussknecht: Monogr. Epilobium, 261. (1884) — (as halleanum) Haussknecht: Oesterr. Bot. Z. 29: 89. (1879)
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