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glandular willowherb, Hall's willowherb, Sierra willowherb

arctic willowherb, épilobe arctique

Habit Herbs with small, 3–6 mm, round or oblong, compact turions 1–5 cm below ground. Herbs with sessile, basal rosettes of broadly ovate to spatulate leaves 0.5–1.8 × 0.3–0.9 cm.
Stems

strict, erect, terete, 2–50(–60) cm, rarely branched only in larger plants, subglabrous proximal to inflorescence except for raised strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles, or sometimes ± densely long-villous throughout with inconspicuous decurrent lines.

single or many, suberect or nodding in bud, often clumped, terete, (2–)5–18 cm, rarely branched, subglabrous proximal to inflorescence with raised strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles, strigillose distally.

Leaves

opposite proximally, alternate on inflorescence, subsessile or proximally with petioles 1–1.5 mm;

blade ovate proximally to lanceolate or narrowly elliptic distally, 0.5–4.7 × 0.2–1.4 cm, base rounded to cuneate, margins subentire proximally to denticulate distally, 8–20 teeth per side, veins inconspicuous, 3–6 per side, apex obtuse to subacute, surfaces mostly glabrous with strigillose margins;

bracts much reduced.

opposite proximally, alternate on inflorescence, subsessile;

blade obovate to narrowly elliptic to distally sublinear, 0.8–2.1 × 0.2–0.5 cm, base cuneate to attenuate, margins subentire to minutely denticulate, 2–5 low teeth per side, veins inconspicuous, apex obtuse to truncate, surfaces glabrous or sparsely strigillose on abaxial midrib;

bracts reduced and narrower.

Inflorescences

usually nodding in bud, erect later, open racemes, sometimes congested, usually mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent, rarely also mixed villous, or rarely subglabrous.

often nodding in bud, erect later, few-flowered racemes, subglabrous or sparsely strigillose.

Flowers

erect;

buds 2–5 × 1–2 mm;

pedicel 3–8 mm;

floral tube 0.5–1.7 × 0.8–1.6 mm, with slightly raised ring of spreading hairs at mouth inside;

sepals green, 1.2–2.8 × 0.5–1 mm, abaxial surface subglabrous or sparsely glandular puberulent;

petals white, often fading pink, 1.6–5.5 × 1.2–3 mm, apical notch 0.3–1.2 mm;

filaments white or cream, those of longer stamens 0.6–2.5 mm, those of shorter ones 0.4–1.5 mm;

anthers cream, 0.2–0.9 × 0.2–0.5 mm;

ovary 10–14 mm, strigillose and glandular puberulent or subglabrous;

style cream, 0.8–5 mm, stigma clavate, entire, 0.4–1.2 × 0.3–0.7 mm, usually surrounded by, rarely exserted beyond, anthers.

nodding to suberect;

buds 2–5 × 1–2.5 mm;

pedicel 6–12(–18) mm, exceeding subtending bracts;

floral tube 0.5–1.1 × 0.6–1.3 mm, with or without sparse ring of hairs at mouth inside;

sepals green or flushed purple, 1.1–1.8 × 0.6–1.2 mm;

petals white, sometimes flushed pink, 2.2–4.5 × 1.4–2.5 mm, apical notch 0.5–0.7 mm;

filaments white or light pink, those of longer stamens 4–5 mm, those of shorter ones 2–3 mm;

anthers cream, 0.3–0.4 × 0.2–0.3 mm;

ovary 8–18 mm, subglabrous to strigillose;

style white, 2.5–3.5mm, stigma clavate, 1–1.8 × 0.5–1 mm, surrounded by anthers.

Capsules

very narrowly cylindrical, (15–)24–60 mm, surfaces usually subglabrous to mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent, rarely sparsely villous;

pedicel 8–40 mm.

erect, often reddish purple, 20–42 mm, surfaces sparsely strigillose;

pedicel 25–40 mm.

Seeds

narrowly fusiform to narrowly obovoid, 1.1–1.6 × 0.4–0.6 mm, chalazal collar ± conspicuous, 0.05–0.2 mm, light brown, surface papillose;

coma easily detached, white, 3–6 mm.

narrowly fusiform to narrowly obovoid, 1.1–1.7 × 0.3–0.5 mm, with distinct chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm, light brown, surface rugose or reticulate;

coma persistent, dull white, 5–7 mm.

2n

= 36.

= 36.

Epilobium hallianum

Epilobium arcticum

Phenology Flowering Jun–Sep. Flowering Jul–Aug.
Habitat Semi-shaded stream banks, wet grassy slopes or meadows, bogs, seasonally wet sites, vernal pools. Boggy, wet meadows, along streams, seepage slopes, depressions of low-center polygons.
Elevation 100–3700 m. (300–12100 ft.) 50–500 m. (200–1600 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AZ; CA; CO; ID; MT; NM; NV; OR; SD; UT; WA; WY; AB; BC; SK
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AK; NT; NU; QC; YT; Greenland; Europe (n Russia)
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Epilobium hallianum has condensed fleshy turions and generally strict habit, suggesting an affinity with E. ciliatum or E. saximontanum, both with the AA arrangement. However, E. hallianum has the BB arrangement (S. R. Seavey and P. H. Raven 1978) and apparently more distant relationship to those other species.

In different parts of its geographical range Epilobium hallianum shows considerable morphological variability, especially in leaf shape and margins, and in type and pattern of stem vestiture, including plants in the southern part of its range with densely villous stems that have been treated as E. ursinum. In part because of this variability and in part because the very characteristic condensed turions are easily lost during collection and/or often overlooked, E. hallianum is frequently misidentified.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Epilobium arcticum has the most northern distribution in the genus, occurring almost exclusively above the Arctic Circle (about 66ºN) in Alaska, Canada, coastal Greenland north of 69ºN, and the Russian Federation, although it apparently is absent from northern Europe (P. H. Raven 1968).

Epilobium arcticum has often been combined or confused with E. davuricum, but they differ in size, leaf shape and size, and seed size, as well as in distribution (S. G. Aiken et al., http://nature.ca/aaflora/data). Most populations of E. arcticum occur at (62–)67–80ºN, in the Tundra zone, often on the islands of the Arctic Archipelago (especially Axel Heiberg, Baffin, and Ellesmere islands). Most populations of E. davuricum, on the other hand, occur south of the Arctic Circle in the Boreal and Taiga zones, and rarely, if ever, on those islands.

Because Epilobium arcticum grows at latitudes with extremely short growing seasons, plants often commence flowering at the second or third most-proximal node.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium
Sibling taxa
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
E. anagallidifolium, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
Synonyms E. brevistylum var. pringleanum, E. brevistylum var. subfalcatum, E. brevistylum var. tenue, E. brevistylum var. ursinum, E. delicatum var. tenue, E. glandulosum var. tenue, E. pringleanum, E. pringleanum var. tenue, E. ursinum, E. ursinum var. subfalcatum E. davuricum subsp. arcticum, E. davuricum var. arcticum
Name authority Haussknecht: Monogr. Epilobium, 261. (1884) — (as halleanum) Samuelsson: Bot. Not. 1922: 160, fig. 1. (1922)
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