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clavatefruit willowherb, club willowherb, club-fruit willowherb, club-pod willowherb, talus willow-herb

Snow Mountain willowherb

Habit Herbs with wiry, scaly soboles just below ground level, often with extended semi-woody rootstock. Herbs with many shoots from thick, woody caudex 5–12 mm diam..
Stems

numerous, ascending, clumped, terete, 5–15(–22) cm, usually simple, rarely branched, subglabrous, with raised strigillose lines decurrent from petioles, ± densely strigillose and often mixed glandular puberulent distally.

erect or ascending, terete, 10–25 cm, sparsely branched distally, densely grayish white-strigillose.

Leaves

crowded and opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate distally, petiole 0–3 mm;

blade obovate proximally to ovate or elliptic distally, 0.5–2.8 ×0.6–1.6 cm, base attenuate proximally to obtuse distally, margins subentire to sparsely denticulate, 3–6 teeth per side, veins obscure, 2–4 per side, apex obtuse proximally to subacute distally, surfaces subglabrous or sparsely strigillose margins and abaxial midrib, sometimes subglaucous;

bracts not much reduced, sessile.

subsessile or petioles 0.5–2.5 mm, blade elliptic or narrowly so to lanceolate, often folded along midrib, 0.9–1.8 × 0.3–0.7 cm, usually longer than internodes, base rounded to cuneate, margins subentire or low denticulate, 1–3 low teeth per side, lateral veins inconspicuous, 1–3 per side, apex blunt to acute with conspicuous dark brown mucronate tip, surfaces densely spreading-hairy;

bracts very reduced, attached to pedicel 1–2 mm from base.

Inflorescences

usually erect, rarely slightly nodding, racemes, strigillose and glandular puberulent, sometimes sparsely so.

erect open racemes or panicles, densely spreading-hairy.

Flowers

erect;

buds often purplish green, 3–4.5 × 1.4–2.2 mm;

pedicel 3–9 mm;

floral tube 0.6–2 × 1–2 mm, glabrous or with a raised ring of sparse hairs at mouth inside;

sepals often purplish green, 2.5–4.2 × 1–2 mm, abaxial surface sparsely glandular puberulent to subglabrous;

petals rose-purple to pale pink, obcordate, 3.5–6(–7) ×2–4 mm, apical notch 0.5–1 mm;

filaments cream, those of longer stamens 1.8–4 mm, those of shorter ones 1–3 mm;

anthers light yellow, 0.4–0.9 × 0.25–0.5 mm;

ovary often reddish purple, 8–20 mm, densely glandular puberulent, often mixed strigillose, rarely subglabrous;

style white or pale pink, 1.4–3.2 mm, glabrous, stigma cream, narrowly clavate to subcapitate, 0.8–1.4 × 0.3–0.8 mm, surrounded by at least longer anthers.

erect;

buds 6–8 × 2.5–3.2 mm;

floral tube 5.2–9.5 × 2.4–3.2 mm, constriction 4–6 mm distal to base, base ± bulbous, spreading-hairy from mouth nearly to base inside;

sepals 2.7–4.2 × 1.6–2 mm, abaxial surface densely villous and glandular puberulent;

petals rose-purple, 6–9.5 ×3.8–6.2 mm, apical notch 1.5–2.5 mm;

filaments light pink, those of longer stamens 5–6.5 mm, those of shorter ones 3–3.5 mm;

anthers 1.3–2.1 × 0.6–0.9 mm, apiculate;

ovary 2.5–4.5 mm, densely villous and glandular puberulent;

style pinkish cream, 11–17 mm, glabrous, stigma 4-lobed, 0.8–1 × 1.1–2.1 mm, lobes often not spread and then cuplike, usually exserted beyond anthers.

Capsules

often purplish red, 20–42 mm, surfaces sparsely pubescent or subglabrous;

pedicel 2–21 mm.

fusiform, 8–16 mm, surfaces glandular puberulent;

pedicel 2–5 mm.

Seeds

narrowly obovoid or fusiform, (1.3–)1.5–2.1 × 0.4–0.7 mm, chalazal collar conspicuous, 0.04–0.16 × 0.2–0.4 mm, blond, surface finely reticulate;

coma easily detached, white, 5–8 mm.

obovoid to broadly so, with slight constriction 0.4–0.6 mm from micropylar end, 1.5–2.4 × 0.8–1.3 mm, inconspicuous chalazal collar, dark brown, surface papillose;

coma easily detached, dingy white, 6.5–7.5 mm.

2n

= 36.

= 30.

Epilobium clavatum

Epilobium nivium

Phenology Flowering May–Sep. Flowering late Jul–Sep.
Habitat Rocky crevices, scree slopes, ledges, stream banks, often near snow banks or moraines in upper montane to alpine zones. Crevices in rocky outcrops, shale or talus slopes, with scrub oak (Quercus), Abies concolor, and Pinus jeffreyi.
Elevation 800–4200 m. (2600–13800 ft.) 1600–2400 m. (5200–7900 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AK; CA; CO; ID; MT; NV; OR; UT; WA; WY; AB; BC; NT; YT
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
CA
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Epilobium clavatum shares a clumped habit and the CC chromosomal arrangement with related species in the Alpinae group, but differs from them by its dense, wiry mass of basal soboles arising from an extended and somewhat woody caudex and relatively thick capsules and large seeds (1.3–2 mm). This unusual habit morphology may be the result of growing on unstable, shifting scree slopes. Like E. anagallidifolium, with which it often grows in near-sympatry in alpine areas, it is of notably low stature, often less than 15 cm, and has subentire leaves and capsules rarely exceeding 4 cm. However, E. clavatum does not nod in bud, and generally is more robust than E. anagallidifolium, and it has a much smaller range, being endemic only to the western North American cordilleran region, whereas E. anagallidifolium has a discontinuous circumboreal range.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Epilobium nivium has an extremely restricted range, mainly in the Snow Mountain region of Colusa and Lake counties, but recent collections from Mendocino and southern Trinity counties have extended its range several hundred km to the north. Many collections, notably including the type gathering, have strikingly woody bases, suggesting that these are long-lived plants. Like E. nevadense and some other species in the genus that characteristically grow on scree slopes, the lower part of the stems often lack leaves, which may be abraded by movement of the rocky substrate.

As reported by S. R. Seavey and P. H. Raven (1977c) and also noted on some herbarium labels, capsules of Epilobium nivium sometimes show signs of possible seed predation by moth larvae as reported for E. nevadense.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Cordylophorum > subsect. Petrolobium
Sibling taxa
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
Synonyms E. alpinum var. clavatum
Name authority Trelease: Rep. (Annual) Missouri Bot. Gard. 2: 111, plate 48. (1891) Brandegee: Zoë 3: 242, plate 24. (1892)
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