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American willowherb, ciliate willowherb, fringe willow-herb, northern purple-leaf willowherb, purple-leaf willowherb, slender willow herb, Watson's willowherb, épilobe cilié

heart willowweed, rock fringe, rockfringe willowherb, rose willowherb

Habit Herbs with leafy basal rosettes or large, fleshy, condensed underground turions, or sometimes shoots from caudex. Herbs ± suffruticose, wiry shoots from woody caudex with barklike periderm extending to 25 cm below ground, shoots with scaly bases.
Stems

erect, green or tan to reddish green, terete, (3–)10–120(–190) cm, often thick, well branched or simple, subglabrous proximal to inflorescence with raised strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles, ± densely mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent distally, rarely densely strigillose or densely villous throughout.

many, decumbent to ascending, clumped or cespitose, green to grayish green, terete, 5–15 cm, branched mainly proximally, subglabrous and ± glaucous proximal to inflorescence, ± canescent distally or throughout.

Leaves

opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate distally, petiole 0–5(–10) mm, often subsessile distally, sometimes clasping;

blade narrowly obovate, obovate, broadly elliptic, or spatulate proximally, to very narrowly lanceolate to ovateor broadly elliptic distally, (1–)3–12(–16) × (0.2–)0.6–5.5 cm, base rounded to cuneate or short-attenuate, margins serrulate, (8–)15–40 irregular teeth per side, veins prominent, 4–10 per side, apex obtuse to acute or subacuminate, surfaces usually subglabrous with strigillose margins, rarely densely strigillose or villous;

bracts scarcely reduced to very reduced and narrower.

opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate distally, usually crowded and exceeding internodes, subsessile or petiole 1–2 mm;

blade green or grayish green, usually broadly lanceolate-elliptic to ovate or obovate, rarely suborbiculate, 0.6–2.4 × 0.4–1.3(–1.9) cm, base rounded to subcordate, margins low denticulate, 4–9 teeth per side, veins indistinct, 4–7 per side, apex obtuse proximally to acute distally, surfaces usually subglabrous, rarely canescent, especially on margins and veins;

bracts much reduced.

Inflorescences

usually erect, rarely nodding, racemes or panicles, well branched and open, to simple and congested, ± densely strigillose and glandular puberulent.

ascending to erect, sparse racemes or loose panicles, ± densely canescent and glandular puberulent.

Flowers

erect;

buds 1.5–7 × 1–3 mm;

pedicel 2–14(–20) mm;

floral tube 0.5–2.6 × 0.9–3.5 mm, ring of spreading hairs at mouth inside;

sepals often reddish green, lanceolate, sometimes keeled, 2–7.5 × 0.7–2.5 mm;

petals white or pink to rose-purple, obovate, 2–14 × 1.3–6.3 mm, apical notch 0.4–2.5 mm;

filaments white to dark pink, those of longer stamens 1.4–7 mm, those of shorter ones 0.6–5.2 mm;

anthers light yellow to cream, 0.5–1.8 × 0.3–0.9 mm;

ovary often reddish green, 8–40 mm, ± densely mixed strigillose and glandular pubescent;

style cream to light yellow, 1.1–8.5 mm, stigma cream to orange-yellow, narrowly to broadly clavate or subcapitate, 0.8–2.8 × 0.4–1.2 mm, rarely indented apically, usually surrounded by, rarely exserted beyond, anthers.

erect;

buds 7–13 × 3–5 mm, apex acute, sometimes with stigma exserted;

pedicel 3–10 mm;

floral tube 3.2–5.5 × 2.2–4.2 mm, slightly raised ring of spreading hairs0.4–1 mm from base inside;

sepals (5–)8.5–14 ×1.8–2.9 mm;

petals pink to rose-purple, obcordate, (12–)15–26 × (7–)9–14.6 mm, apical notch 2.5–7.2 mm;

filaments cream to pink, those of longer stamens 8.5–16 mm, those of shorter ones 5.5–11 mm;

anthers cream-yellow, 1.6–2.9 × 0.6–1.3 mm;

ovary 9–22 mm, usually canescent and glandular puberulent, rarely subglabrous;

style cream to light pink, 11–23 mm, glabrous, stigma deeply 4-lobed, 1–1.5 × 2.2–4.5 mm, exserted beyond anthers.

Capsules

erect, (15–)30–100 mm, surfaces usually strigillose and glandular puberulent, rarely glabrescent;

pedicel 2–15(–40) mm, rarely subsessile.

straight, subclavate, 16–40 mm, surfaces canescent and glandular puberulent;

pedicel 5–15 mm.

Seeds

narrowly obovoid or subfusiform, (0.6–)0.8–1.6(–1.9) × 0.3–0.6 mm, chalazal collar ± conspicuous, 0.1–0.3 × 0.2–0.4 mm, grayish tan to brown, surface with conspicuous parallel longitudinal ridges of laterally flattened papillae;

coma readily detached, white or dingy white, 2–8 mm, very rarely absent.

narrowly obovoid, 1.4–2.1 × 0.6–0.9 mm, with low chalazal collar 0.4–0.5 mm wide, light or grayish brown, surface papillose;

coma easily detached, tawny, 5–9 mm.

2n

= 36.

= 36.

Epilobium ciliatum

Epilobium obcordatum

Phenology Flowering Jul–Sep.
Habitat Dry, rocky montane or alpine ridges, basaltic cliffs, along edges of talus or gravel slopes.
Elevation 1900–4000 m. (6200–13100 ft.)
Distribution
from USDA
North America; Mexico; Central America; South America; e Asia [Introduced in Europe, Pacific Islands, Australia]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
CA; ID; NV; OR
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Subspecies 3 (3 in the flora).

Epilobium ciliatum, which has the AA chromosomal arrangement, shows extraordinary variation in morphology. It has the largest geographical range among North American Epilobium species, and has spread invasively outside of its native range. Although almost certainly originating in North America, E. ciliatum is also considered native in South America (J. C. Solomon 1982) and East Asia (Chen C. J. et al. 1992), but adventive in Europe and western Russia (P. H. Raven 1968), Pacific Islands, especially New Zealand, and Australia (Raven and T. E. Raven 1976). Its chromosomal affinities and morphological similarities to a small group of species in western North America strongly suggest that that region is its center of origin.

Within the enormous variation displayed by Epilobium ciliatum, three broadly defined entities can be recognized: subsp. watsonii, characteristically with bracts scarcely reduced on an extended, crowded corymbose inflorescence, found only along the Pacific coast, usually within sight of the ocean; subsp. glandulosum, generally large, few-branched plants with condensed turions just below ground and crowded inflorescences of relatively large rose-purple flowers, found mainly in damp, cool, and relatively undisturbed habitats; and subsp. ciliatum, which range from small and simple to large and well-branched, usually with leafy basal rosettes and open inflorescences, relatively narrow leaves and small white flowers, found most often in disturbed damp to dry habitats throughout the entire range of the species. These subspecies often intergrade in regions where their ranges overlap, resulting in populations with diverse mixtures of intermediate characters, yet the subspecies consistently retain their main morphological characteristics in populations throughout most of their respective ranges. Each shows some degree of endogenous variability, most notably in the very widespread subsp. ciliatum.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Epilobium obcordatum is an uncommon but relatively widespread and very characteristic species of the high Sierra Nevada, extending to scattered high ranges in northeastern Nevada, Idaho, and southeastern Oregon (Steens Mountains). Its low, clumped habit, dense green and often glaucous foliage, and large flowers make it one of the more attractive species of the genus, with considerable potential as a cultivated plant in rock gardens. Although it bears some general morphological similarities with two species in western North America, E. rigidum and E. siskiyouense, as discussed under those taxa, E. obcordatum also bears close resemblance to E. nankotaizanense Yamamoto, an alpine endemic from Taiwan, China (Chen C. J. et al. 1992). It is uncertain whether they are actually related or have evolved similar morphologies independently in similar high montane habitats on either side of the north Pacific.

Little has been reported on the pollination biology of Epilobium obcordatum, but its large flowers with marked protandry and herkogamy strongly suggest that the plants are outcrossing, probably pollinated by large bees.

Epilobium obcordatum shows considerable morphological variation, especially in leaf shape (ranging from narrowly ovate to orbiculate) and pubescence pattern. In the latter, plants mainly in the Sierra Nevada have stems glabrous and often glaucous below the inflorescence and mixed canescent and glandular puberulent distally. Plants mainly in Idaho and Nevada have stems sparsely to moderately canescent and inflorescences densely mixed canescent and glandular puberulent. But some collections, including the type of E. obcordatum var. puberulum, are mixed, and these pubescence differences do not correlate with other morphological or eco-geographical characters.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Leaf blades very narrowly lanceolate to narrowly ovate or elliptic, proximally narrowly obovate to spatulate; bracts very reduced on open inflorescence; petals 2–6(–9) mm, white or sometimes pink; herbs usually with rosettes, rarely fleshy turions.
subsp. ciliatum
1. Leaf blades narrowly ovate to ovate to broadly elliptic, sometimes lanceolate, proximally obovate to broadly elliptic; bracts little reduced on crowded inflorescence; petals 4.5–12(–15) mm, usually rose-purple to pink, rarely white; herbs usually with fleshy turions or rosettes, rarely fleshy shoots.
→ 2
2. Herbs usually with large, condensed subsessile turions 1–10 cm below ground, leaving dark scales, rarely with rosettes of fleshy leaves; inflorescences simple or branched, not corymbose.
subsp. glandulosum
2. Herbs with leafy basal rosettes, sometimes fleshy shoots from woody caudex; inflorescences ± simple, subcorymbose.
subsp. watsonii
Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium
Sibling taxa
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
Subordinate taxa
E. ciliatum subsp. ciliatum, E. ciliatum subsp. glandulosum, E. ciliatum subsp. watsonii
Synonyms E. obcordatum var. puberulum
Name authority Rafinesque: Med. Repos., hexade 2, 5: 361. (1808) A. Gray: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 6: 532. (1865)
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