Epilobium ciliatum |
Epilobium lactiflorum |
|||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
American willowherb, ciliate willowherb, fringe willow-herb, northern purple-leaf willowherb, purple-leaf willowherb, slender willow herb, Watson's willowherb, épilobe cilié |
milk-flower willowherb, white-flower willow-herb, épilobe à fleurs blanches |
|||||||||
Habit | Herbs with leafy basal rosettes or large, fleshy, condensed underground turions, or sometimes shoots from caudex. | Herbs with short, leafy epigeal soboles. | ||||||||
Stems | erect, green or tan to reddish green, terete, (3–)10–120(–190) cm, often thick, well branched or simple, subglabrous proximal to inflorescence with raised strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles, ± densely mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent distally, rarely densely strigillose or densely villous throughout. |
ascending to suberect, often clumped, terete, 15–50 cm, usually simple, rarely branched proximally, subglabrous proximal to inflorescence except for raised densely strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles, usually mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent distally. |
||||||||
Leaves | opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate distally, petiole 0–5(–10) mm, often subsessile distally, sometimes clasping; blade narrowly obovate, obovate, broadly elliptic, or spatulate proximally, to very narrowly lanceolate to ovateor broadly elliptic distally, (1–)3–12(–16) × (0.2–)0.6–5.5 cm, base rounded to cuneate or short-attenuate, margins serrulate, (8–)15–40 irregular teeth per side, veins prominent, 4–10 per side, apex obtuse to acute or subacuminate, surfaces usually subglabrous with strigillose margins, rarely densely strigillose or villous; bracts scarcely reduced to very reduced and narrower. |
opposite proximal to inflorescence or just proximal 1/3, alternate distally, petiole 3–12 mm, ± winged; blade broadly spatulate to ovate proximally, narrowly ovate to narrowly lanceolate distally, 2–5.5 × 0.8–2.4 cm, base attenuate to cuneate, margins subentire proximally to denticulate distally with 7–16 teeth per side, more marked distally, lateral veins inconspicuous, 4–8 per side, apex obtuse proximally to subacute distally, surfaces glabrous except for strigillose margins; bracts reduced and narrower. |
||||||||
Inflorescences | usually erect, rarely nodding, racemes or panicles, well branched and open, to simple and congested, ± densely strigillose and glandular puberulent. |
nodding in bud, later erect, ± open racemes, mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent. |
||||||||
Flowers | erect; buds 1.5–7 × 1–3 mm; pedicel 2–14(–20) mm; floral tube 0.5–2.6 × 0.9–3.5 mm, ring of spreading hairs at mouth inside; sepals often reddish green, lanceolate, sometimes keeled, 2–7.5 × 0.7–2.5 mm; petals white or pink to rose-purple, obovate, 2–14 × 1.3–6.3 mm, apical notch 0.4–2.5 mm; filaments white to dark pink, those of longer stamens 1.4–7 mm, those of shorter ones 0.6–5.2 mm; anthers light yellow to cream, 0.5–1.8 × 0.3–0.9 mm; ovary often reddish green, 8–40 mm, ± densely mixed strigillose and glandular pubescent; style cream to light yellow, 1.1–8.5 mm, stigma cream to orange-yellow, narrowly to broadly clavate or subcapitate, 0.8–2.8 × 0.4–1.2 mm, rarely indented apically, usually surrounded by, rarely exserted beyond, anthers. |
suberect; buds 2–5 × 1.5–3.5 mm; pedicel 5–15 mm; floral tube 1–2.2 × 1–3 mm, inner surface glabrous without ring; sepals often flushed purplish red, frequently keeled, (2–)3–5.5 × 0.9–1.8 mm, abaxial surface sparsely glandular puberulent, sometimes mixed strigillose; petals white, rarely with red veins or flushed light pink, 3–8.5 × 1.6–4.5 mm, apical notch 0.7–1.4 mm; filaments white to cream, those of longer stamens 1.4–4 mm, those of shorter ones 1.1–3 mm; anthers light yellow, 0.4–0.9 × 0.3–0.6 mm; ovary 20–40 mm, glandular puberulent; style cream or white, 1.4–4.6 mm, stigma clavate or rarely subcapitate and indented apically, entire, 1.2–2.5 × 0.4–1.6 mm, surrounded by anthers. |
||||||||
Capsules | erect, (15–)30–100 mm, surfaces usually strigillose and glandular puberulent, rarely glabrescent; pedicel 2–15(–40) mm, rarely subsessile. |
slender, sometimes flushed reddish green, ± ascending, 50–100 mm, surfaces sparsely glandular puberulent; pedicel 15–45 mm. |
||||||||
Seeds | narrowly obovoid or subfusiform, (0.6–)0.8–1.6(–1.9) × 0.3–0.6 mm, chalazal collar ± conspicuous, 0.1–0.3 × 0.2–0.4 mm, grayish tan to brown, surface with conspicuous parallel longitudinal ridges of laterally flattened papillae; coma readily detached, white or dingy white, 2–8 mm, very rarely absent. |
narrowly obovoid, 1.1–1.7 × 0.4–0.6 mm, chalazal collar 0.05–0.1 mm, blond or light brown, surface reticulate or sometimes barely rugose; coma easily detached, white, 7–14 mm. |
||||||||
2n | = 36. |
= 36. |
||||||||
Epilobium ciliatum |
Epilobium lactiflorum |
|||||||||
Phenology | Flowering Jun–Sep. | |||||||||
Habitat | Montane stream banks, moist crevices and ledges, gravelly roadsides, burned-over woodlands, sandy moraines, subalpine forests, alpine meadows. | |||||||||
Elevation | 50–3800 m. (200–12500 ft.) | |||||||||
Distribution |
North America; Mexico; Central America; South America; e Asia [Introduced in Europe, Pacific Islands, Australia]
|
AK; AZ; CA; CO; ID; ME; MT; NH; NM; NV; OR; UT; VT; WA; WY; AB; BC; NB; NL; NS; NT; ON; QC; YT; Greenland; Eurasia
|
||||||||
Discussion | Subspecies 3 (3 in the flora). Epilobium ciliatum, which has the AA chromosomal arrangement, shows extraordinary variation in morphology. It has the largest geographical range among North American Epilobium species, and has spread invasively outside of its native range. Although almost certainly originating in North America, E. ciliatum is also considered native in South America (J. C. Solomon 1982) and East Asia (Chen C. J. et al. 1992), but adventive in Europe and western Russia (P. H. Raven 1968), Pacific Islands, especially New Zealand, and Australia (Raven and T. E. Raven 1976). Its chromosomal affinities and morphological similarities to a small group of species in western North America strongly suggest that that region is its center of origin. Within the enormous variation displayed by Epilobium ciliatum, three broadly defined entities can be recognized: subsp. watsonii, characteristically with bracts scarcely reduced on an extended, crowded corymbose inflorescence, found only along the Pacific coast, usually within sight of the ocean; subsp. glandulosum, generally large, few-branched plants with condensed turions just below ground and crowded inflorescences of relatively large rose-purple flowers, found mainly in damp, cool, and relatively undisturbed habitats; and subsp. ciliatum, which range from small and simple to large and well-branched, usually with leafy basal rosettes and open inflorescences, relatively narrow leaves and small white flowers, found most often in disturbed damp to dry habitats throughout the entire range of the species. These subspecies often intergrade in regions where their ranges overlap, resulting in populations with diverse mixtures of intermediate characters, yet the subspecies consistently retain their main morphological characteristics in populations throughout most of their respective ranges. Each shows some degree of endogenous variability, most notably in the very widespread subsp. ciliatum. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Epilobium lactiflorum has a nearly circum-subarctic distribution in North America (including coastal Greenland) and Eurasia, extending south into alpine and cool montane habitats along mountain axes. This distribution is similar to that of E. anagallidifolium and E. hornemannii (all with CC chromosomal arrangement), and these species commonly grow in similar habitats as well. Petal color can be variable in many Epilobium species, but E. lactiflorum (white flowers) differs quite consistently from E. hornemannii (rose-purple to light pink or rarely white) in that feature. Mature fruits and pedicels are also fairly longer in E. lactiflorum. Despite their morphological similarities and broadly overlapping ranges and habitats, E. lactiflorum and E. hornemannii subsp. hornemannii do not appear to hybridize with much frequency, although intermediates, with only moderately reduced seed fertility, might be difficult to detect. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
||||||||
Key |
|
|||||||||
Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. | ||||||||
Parent taxa | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium | ||||||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||||||
Synonyms | E. alpinum var. lactiflorum, E. canadense, E. canadense var. albescens, E. hornemannii var. lactiflorum | |||||||||
Name authority | Rafinesque: Med. Repos., hexade 2, 5: 361. (1808) | Haussknecht: Oesterr. Bot. Z. 29: 89. (1879) | ||||||||
Web links |
|
|