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alpine willow-herb, pimpernel willow-herb, épilobe à feuilles de mouron

Humboldt County fuchsia, northern willowherb

Habit Herbs with spreading thin, small-leafed epigeous soboles to 5 cm. Herbs usually not suffruticose, with basal shoots from thickened caudex, often decussate scales at base.
Stems

many, ascending, often sigmoidally bent, nodding distally, later erect, clumped or mat-forming, terete, 3–20(–25) cm, simple, subglabrous, sometimes with faint raised strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles, rarely mixed strigillose and sparsely glandular puberulent distally.

decumbent, often matted, grayish green, terete, 5–25 cm, well-branched throughout, densely white-canescent proximally, mixed strigillose, villous, and glandular puberulent distally.

Leaves

opposite and crowded proximal to inflorescence, alternate distally, petioles 1–6 mm, rarely subsessile distally;

blade spatulate to oblong proximally, elliptic to narrowly lanceolate or sublinear distally, (0.5–)0.8–2.5 × 0.3–1 cm, base attenuate to cuneate, margins subentire proximally, sparsely denticulate distally with 2–5 low teeth per side, veins obscure, 2–4 per side, apex obtuse or rounded proximally to subacute distally, surfaces subglabrous;

bracts reduced, usually much narrower.

densely spaced, opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate or fasciculate distally, petiole 0–2 mm, blade grayish green to green, lanceolate or elliptic to narrowly ovate, 1–3.5(–4) × 0.4–1.1 cm, base cuneate or attenuate, margins subentire to low-denticulate, 5–8 teeth per side, veins inconspicuous, 3–5 per side, apex acute, sometimes with caducous dark mucro, surfaces densely white-canescent and eglandular proximally, changing abruptly on inflorescence to glandular puberulent mixed with scattered villous;

bracts somewhat reduced.

Inflorescences

nodding in bud, later suberect, few-flowered racemes, subglabrous to sparsely strigillose and/or glandular puberulent.

ascending spikes or racemes, densely glandular puberulent.

Flowers

suberect;

buds 2–5 × 1–2 mm;

pedicel 1–6(–15) mm;

floral tube 0.6–1.2 × 0.8–1.8 mm, slightly raised subglabrous ring at mouth inside;

sepals green to reddish purple, 1.5–5 × 0.6–1.5 mm, abaxial surface subglabrous to sparsely glandular;

petals usually pink to rose-purple, rarely white, narrowly obcordate, (1.7–)2.5–6.5(–8) × 1.6–3.5 mm, apical notch 0.5–1.2 mm;

filaments cream to light pink, those of longer stamens 1.4–3.2 mm, those of shorter ones 0.7–2 mm;

anthers 0.3–0.6 × 0.2–0.4 mm;

ovary often reddish purple, 6–20 mm, subglabrous or sparsely strigillose and glandular puberulent;

style white, 1.2–2.5 mm, glabrous, stigma broadly clavate to subcapitate, entire, 0.9–1.5 × 0.4–0.7 mm, surrounded by longer anthers.

buds 12–15 × 4–5.5 mm, subsessile or pedicels 1–2 mm;

floral tube same color as petals, 17–23 × 3.5–5 mm, with ring of scales 4–5 mm from base inside;

sepals same color as petals, 7–12 × 2.5–3.5 mm;

petals red-orange, 8–14 × 5–6.5 mm, apical notch 1.8–2.4 mm;

filaments orange or red, those of longer stamens 15–17 mm, those of shorter ones 13–15 mm;

anthers 2.8–3.2 × 0.7–1 mm;

ovary 5–11 mm, glandular puberulent;

style light orange, 40–45 mm, stigma 4-lobed, 0.9–1.1 × 2.2–2.6 mm, exserted 8–10 mm beyond anthers.

Capsules

slender, often reddish purple, 17–40(–55) mm, surfaces subglabrous or with scattered hairs;

pedicel 5–35(–68) mm.

± straight, 20–26 mm, ± beaked, surfaces glandular puberulent;

sessile or pedicel 1–3 mm.

Seeds

narrowly obovoid, 0.7–1.4 × 0.3–0.5 mm, inconspicuous chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm wide, light brown, surface reticulate (smooth);

coma persistent, dull white, 2–4 mm.

broadly to narrowly obovoid, with constriction 0.7–0.8 mm from micropylar end, 1.8–2.4 × 1.1–1.3 mm, chalazal collar inconspicuous, light brown, surface low-papillose;

coma easily detached, dingy white, 6–7 mm.

2n

= 36.

= 30.

Epilobium anagallidifolium

Epilobium septentrionale

Phenology Flowering Jun–Sep. Flowering Aug–Sep.
Habitat Moist flats, stream banks, subarctic coastal marsh edges, high montane and alpine meadows and seeps. Rocky ledges and serpentine slopes along rivers.
Elevation 0–4500 m. [0–14800 ft.] 10–1900 m. [30–6200 ft.]
Distribution
from FNA
AK; CA; CO; ID; ME; MT; NH; NV; OR; UT; WA; WY; AB; BC; NL; NT; NU; QC; YT; Greenland; Eurasia
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
CA
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Epilobium anagallidifolium is widely but sparsely distributed in high montane-alpine and subarctic Eurasia, including Europe, Russia, China, and Japan.

Epilobium anagallidifolium usually forms low clumps or mats, with stems nodding in bud and usually subglabrous below the inflorescence. Many collections of E. anagallidifolium from eastern Canada and Greenland tend to be unusually tall (to 25 cm) and robust for the species, with somewhat larger, thicker leaves, and longer pedicels (to 60 mm). Similarly large and robust specimens occur scattered in Yukon and Washington, and may result from occasional hybridization and introgression with sympatric species such as E. hornemannii or E. lactiflorum, which also have the CC chromosomal arrangement. In an analysis of Fennoscandian populations of the Alpinae group, I. Kytövuori (1972) found a similar pattern of mostly smaller, sigmoidal plants of E. anagallidifolium with a small proportion of larger ones, and he also suggested the possibility of hybridization and/or introgression.

Plants of Epilobium anagallidifolium, and indeed of the whole Alpinae group, from Haida Gwaii (the Queen Charlotte Islands) of British Columbia (J. A. Calder and R. L. Taylor 1968), are particularly distinctive compared to those on the mainland, and difficult to interpret. The observed differences may be the result of hybridization with other sympatric species or a response to unique ecological conditions on the islands, reinforced by relative isolation from mainland British Columbia.

The Linnaean name Epilobium alpinum has long been a source of nomenclatural confusion and instability, since it circumscribed at least four distinct species, especially E. anagallidifolium. A proposal by P. C. Hoch et al. (1995) to permanently reject the name E. alpinum Linnaeus was approved.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Epilobium septentrionale is endemic to northern California, found only in the drainages of the Eel, Mattole, and Trinity rivers in Humboldt, Mendocino, and Trinity counties. The dimorphic pattern of vestiture on this species (eglandular, white-canescent lower leaves versus glandular puberulent upper leaves and bracts) is highly distinctive and not found in any specimens of E. canum. Most collections are relatively uniform in aspect, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds, despite the relative isolation from one another in the different river drainages where they occur.

S. R. Seavey and P. H. Raven (1977c) reported an experimental hybrid between Epilobium septentrionale and diploid E. canum subsp. canum; although it had normal chromosome pairing, pollen fertility was reduced (51%).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Zauschneria
Sibling taxa
E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
Synonyms E. alpinum, E. pseudoscaposum Zauschneria septentrionalisd., E. canum subsp. septentrionale
Name authority Lamarck in J. Lamarck et al.: Encycl. 2: 376. (1786) (D. D. Keck) R. N. Bowman & Hoch: Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 66: 897. (1980)
Source FNA vol. 10. Treatment author: Peter C. Hoch. FNA vol. 10. Treatment author: Peter C. Hoch.
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