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alpine willow-herb, pimpernel willow-herb, épilobe à feuilles de mouron

Grant's Pass willowherb, Oregon fireweed, Oregon willowherb

Habit Herbs with spreading thin, small-leafed epigeous soboles to 5 cm. Herbs with leafy basal rosettes or short shoots.
Stems

many, ascending, often sigmoidally bent, nodding distally, later erect, clumped or mat-forming, terete, 3–20(–25) cm, simple, subglabrous, sometimes with faint raised strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles, rarely mixed strigillose and sparsely glandular puberulent distally.

several to many, ascending or erect, terete, loosely clumped, 40–100 cm, usually well-branched apically, ± glabrous and glaucous proximal to inflorescence, without distinct raised lines, sparsely mixed strigillose and glandular pubescent proximally.

Leaves

opposite and crowded proximal to inflorescence, alternate distally, petioles 1–6 mm, rarely subsessile distally;

blade spatulate to oblong proximally, elliptic to narrowly lanceolate or sublinear distally, (0.5–)0.8–2.5 × 0.3–1 cm, base attenuate to cuneate, margins subentire proximally, sparsely denticulate distally with 2–5 low teeth per side, veins obscure, 2–4 per side, apex obtuse or rounded proximally to subacute distally, surfaces subglabrous;

bracts reduced, usually much narrower.

opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate distally, petiole broad, 1–3 mm;

blade narrowly lanceolate to narrowly ovate, 3–9 × 0.7–2.5 cm, base rounded to cuneate, margins finely serrulate, 20–40 teeth per side, veins reddish green, conspicuous, 6–10 per side, apex acute, surfaces glabrous and often glaucous, crowded proximally;

bracts much reduced and narrower.

Inflorescences

nodding in bud, later suberect, few-flowered racemes, subglabrous to sparsely strigillose and/or glandular puberulent.

erect racemes or open panicles, often branched, glandular puberulent, sometimes mixed strigillose.

Flowers

suberect;

buds 2–5 × 1–2 mm;

pedicel 1–6(–15) mm;

floral tube 0.6–1.2 × 0.8–1.8 mm, slightly raised subglabrous ring at mouth inside;

sepals green to reddish purple, 1.5–5 × 0.6–1.5 mm, abaxial surface subglabrous to sparsely glandular;

petals usually pink to rose-purple, rarely white, narrowly obcordate, (1.7–)2.5–6.5(–8) × 1.6–3.5 mm, apical notch 0.5–1.2 mm;

filaments cream to light pink, those of longer stamens 1.4–3.2 mm, those of shorter ones 0.7–2 mm;

anthers 0.3–0.6 × 0.2–0.4 mm;

ovary often reddish purple, 6–20 mm, subglabrous or sparsely strigillose and glandular puberulent;

style white, 1.2–2.5 mm, glabrous, stigma broadly clavate to subcapitate, entire, 0.9–1.5 × 0.4–0.7 mm, surrounded by longer anthers.

erect;

buds 5–8 × 2–3.5 mm, often with stigma exserted;

pedicel 2–4 mm;

floral tube 2–3 × 1.8–3 mm, with ring of spreading hairs near base of tube inside;

sepals often flushed red, 6–10 × 2.1–2.8 mm, abaxial surface mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent;

petals dark pink to rose-purple, (6–)10–15 × 4.5–6 mm, apical notch 2.6–3 mm;

filaments cream or light pink, those of longer stamens 6–8 mm, those of shorter ones 3.5–4.5 mm;

anthers cream or yellow, 1–1.2 × 0.5–0.6 mm;

ovary 20–25 mm, densely glandular puberulent and mixed strigillose;

style cream or yellow, 9–13 mm, stigma broadly and sometimes irregularly 4-lobed, 1–1.5 × 2.1–2.9 mm, exserted beyond anthers.

Capsules

slender, often reddish purple, 17–40(–55) mm, surfaces subglabrous or with scattered hairs;

pedicel 5–35(–68) mm.

25–45 mm, surfaces mixed sparsely glandular puberulent and strigillose, often with reduced fertile seed set;

pedicel 3–6 mm.

Seeds

narrowly obovoid, 0.7–1.4 × 0.3–0.5 mm, inconspicuous chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm wide, light brown, surface reticulate (smooth);

coma persistent, dull white, 2–4 mm.

narrowly obovoid, 0.9–1.3 × 0.4–0.5 mm, chalazal collar 0.1–0.15 × 0.2–0.25 mm, gray-brown, surface with conspicuous parallel longitudinal ridges of laterally flattened papillae;

coma readily detached, white, 4–6 mm.

2n

= 36.

= 36.

Epilobium anagallidifolium

Epilobium oreganum

Phenology Flowering Jun–Sep. Flowering Jul–Aug(–Sep).
Habitat Moist flats, stream banks, subarctic coastal marsh edges, high montane and alpine meadows and seeps. Damp seeps, swampy areas, stream banks.
Elevation 0–4500 m. [0–14800 ft.] 200–500 m. [700–1600 ft.]
Distribution
from FNA
AK; CA; CO; ID; ME; MT; NH; NV; OR; UT; WA; WY; AB; BC; NL; NT; NU; QC; YT; Greenland; Eurasia
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
CA; OR
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Epilobium anagallidifolium is widely but sparsely distributed in high montane-alpine and subarctic Eurasia, including Europe, Russia, China, and Japan.

Epilobium anagallidifolium usually forms low clumps or mats, with stems nodding in bud and usually subglabrous below the inflorescence. Many collections of E. anagallidifolium from eastern Canada and Greenland tend to be unusually tall (to 25 cm) and robust for the species, with somewhat larger, thicker leaves, and longer pedicels (to 60 mm). Similarly large and robust specimens occur scattered in Yukon and Washington, and may result from occasional hybridization and introgression with sympatric species such as E. hornemannii or E. lactiflorum, which also have the CC chromosomal arrangement. In an analysis of Fennoscandian populations of the Alpinae group, I. Kytövuori (1972) found a similar pattern of mostly smaller, sigmoidal plants of E. anagallidifolium with a small proportion of larger ones, and he also suggested the possibility of hybridization and/or introgression.

Plants of Epilobium anagallidifolium, and indeed of the whole Alpinae group, from Haida Gwaii (the Queen Charlotte Islands) of British Columbia (J. A. Calder and R. L. Taylor 1968), are particularly distinctive compared to those on the mainland, and difficult to interpret. The observed differences may be the result of hybridization with other sympatric species or a response to unique ecological conditions on the islands, reinforced by relative isolation from mainland British Columbia.

The Linnaean name Epilobium alpinum has long been a source of nomenclatural confusion and instability, since it circumscribed at least four distinct species, especially E. anagallidifolium. A proposal by P. C. Hoch et al. (1995) to permanently reject the name E. alpinum Linnaeus was approved.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Epilobium oreganum is endemic to a small region of southern Oregon (Douglas and Josephine counties, mainly from Grants Pass south along the Illinois River) and northern California (Del Norte, Humboldt, Siskiyou, Tehama, and Trinity counties, especially along the South Fork of the Trinity and Klamath rivers).

Epilobium oreganum is the only other species that shares the distinctive ridged seeds found also in E. ciliatum, and looks quite similar to that species; both also have the AA chromosomal arrangement. However, it differs from E. ciliatum in being generally glabrous and glaucous, and by having exserted 4-lobed stigmas. W. Trelease (1891) and later P. A. Munz (1965) considered E. oreganum to be of hybrid origin, the presumptive parents being E. glaberrimum (glabrous) and so called E. adenocaulon (= E. ciliatum; ridged seeds). Some specimens have notably reduced seed set; whether that is the result of a hybrid origin, a failure to outcross in a plant with a very exserted stigma, or to another cause is not clear. The exact affinities of E. oreganum are uncertain, but it occupies a restricted and distinctive ecogeographical range and has a unique combination of morphological features.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium
Sibling taxa
E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
Synonyms E. alpinum, E. pseudoscaposum E. glaucum, E. brevistylum var. exaltatum, E. californicum var. exaltatum, E. exaltatum, Lehmann var. var. e., E. subcaesium
Name authority Lamarck in J. Lamarck et al.: Encycl. 2: 376. (1786) Greene: Pittonia 1: 225. (1887)
Source FNA vol. 10. Treatment author: Peter C. Hoch. FNA vol. 10. Treatment author: Peter C. Hoch.
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