Epilobium anagallidifolium |
Epilobium nevadense |
|
|---|---|---|
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alpine willow-herb, pimpernel willow-herb, épilobe à feuilles de mouron |
Nevada willowherb |
|
| Habit | Herbs with spreading thin, small-leafed epigeous soboles to 5 cm. | Herbs with many shoots from thick, woody caudex. |
| Stems | many, ascending, often sigmoidally bent, nodding distally, later erect, clumped or mat-forming, terete, 3–20(–25) cm, simple, subglabrous, sometimes with faint raised strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles, rarely mixed strigillose and sparsely glandular puberulent distally. |
erect or ascending, terete, 10–50 cm, branched at base and apically, densely strigillose throughout, sometimes mixed villous distally. |
| Leaves | opposite and crowded proximal to inflorescence, alternate distally, petioles 1–6 mm, rarely subsessile distally; blade spatulate to oblong proximally, elliptic to narrowly lanceolate or sublinear distally, (0.5–)0.8–2.5 × 0.3–1 cm, base attenuate to cuneate, margins subentire proximally, sparsely denticulate distally with 2–5 low teeth per side, veins obscure, 2–4 per side, apex obtuse or rounded proximally to subacute distally, surfaces subglabrous; bracts reduced, usually much narrower. |
proximal pairs often early-deciduous, petiole 1–4 mm, blade lanceolate-elliptic to narrowly so, ± folded along midrib, 0.9–1.7 × 0.2–0.6 cm, shorter than internodes, base attenuate or narrowly cuneate, margins denticulate, 6–10 low teeth per side, lateral veins inconspicuous or absent, apex acute with deciduous, rigid mucronate gland, surfaces usually glabrescent with scattered hairs on abaxial midrib, rarely strigillose-villous throughout; bracts much reduced, sublinear, often attached to pedicel. |
| Inflorescences | nodding in bud, later suberect, few-flowered racemes, subglabrous to sparsely strigillose and/or glandular puberulent. |
erect, open racemes or panicles, strigillose, often mixed glandular puberulent. |
| Flowers | suberect; buds 2–5 × 1–2 mm; pedicel 1–6(–15) mm; floral tube 0.6–1.2 × 0.8–1.8 mm, slightly raised subglabrous ring at mouth inside; sepals green to reddish purple, 1.5–5 × 0.6–1.5 mm, abaxial surface subglabrous to sparsely glandular; petals usually pink to rose-purple, rarely white, narrowly obcordate, (1.7–)2.5–6.5(–8) × 1.6–3.5 mm, apical notch 0.5–1.2 mm; filaments cream to light pink, those of longer stamens 1.4–3.2 mm, those of shorter ones 0.7–2 mm; anthers 0.3–0.6 × 0.2–0.4 mm; ovary often reddish purple, 6–20 mm, subglabrous or sparsely strigillose and glandular puberulent; style white, 1.2–2.5 mm, glabrous, stigma broadly clavate to subcapitate, entire, 0.9–1.5 × 0.4–0.7 mm, surrounded by longer anthers. |
erect to ± nodding; buds rounded-obovoid, 5–6 × 3–4 mm; floral tube with slight constriction 2–3 mm distal to base, 2.7–3.2(–5) × 1.8–2.5(–3.1) mm, without ring or scales inside, glabrous; sepals erect or sometimes deflexed in late anthesis, green or reddish green, lanceolate, 2.6–4.2 × 0.9–1.3 mm, apex acute; petals deep rose-purple, obcordate, 5–7.2 × 3.2–4.1 mm, apical notch 2–3 mm; filaments cream or white, those of longer stamens 5–7.5 mm, those of shorter ones 3.5–5.5 mm; anthers cream, 1–1.8 × 0.5–0.8 mm, scarcely apiculate; ovary 2.5–3.8 mm, densely strigillose and/or glandular puberulent; style cream, 6–9.5 mm, glabrous, stigma 4-lobed, 0.8–1.2 × 1–1.5 mm, lobes reflexed or sometimes incompletely spread, then forming cup-like structure, exserted beyond longer anthers. |
| Capsules | slender, often reddish purple, 17–40(–55) mm, surfaces subglabrous or with scattered hairs; pedicel 5–35(–68) mm. |
erect, subfusiform, 8–12 mm, surfaces strigillose and/or glandular puberulent; pedicel 1–1.8 mm. |
| Seeds | narrowly obovoid, 0.7–1.4 × 0.3–0.5 mm, inconspicuous chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm wide, light brown, surface reticulate (smooth); coma persistent, dull white, 2–4 mm. |
obovoid, with constriction 0.6–1 mm from micropylar end, 2.1–2.9 × 1.2–1.5 mm, very inconspicuous chalazal collar 0.05–0.06 mm wide, dark brown, surface low papillose, papillae often with central pit; coma easily detached, white, 6–7.5 mm. |
| 2n | = 36. |
= 30. |
Epilobium anagallidifolium |
Epilobium nevadense |
|
| Phenology | Flowering Jun–Sep. | Flowering Jul–Sep. |
| Habitat | Moist flats, stream banks, subarctic coastal marsh edges, high montane and alpine meadows and seeps. | Loose scree slopes, limestone talus, sandy soils at base of steep rock faces in pinyon pine-juniper-mountain brush communities. |
| Elevation | 0–4500 m. [0–14800 ft.] | 1800–2800 m. [5900–9200 ft.] |
| Distribution |
AK; CA; CO; ID; ME; MT; NH; NV; OR; UT; WA; WY; AB; BC; NL; NT; NU; QC; YT; Greenland; Eurasia
|
AZ; NV; UT |
| Discussion | Epilobium anagallidifolium is widely but sparsely distributed in high montane-alpine and subarctic Eurasia, including Europe, Russia, China, and Japan. Epilobium anagallidifolium usually forms low clumps or mats, with stems nodding in bud and usually subglabrous below the inflorescence. Many collections of E. anagallidifolium from eastern Canada and Greenland tend to be unusually tall (to 25 cm) and robust for the species, with somewhat larger, thicker leaves, and longer pedicels (to 60 mm). Similarly large and robust specimens occur scattered in Yukon and Washington, and may result from occasional hybridization and introgression with sympatric species such as E. hornemannii or E. lactiflorum, which also have the CC chromosomal arrangement. In an analysis of Fennoscandian populations of the Alpinae group, I. Kytövuori (1972) found a similar pattern of mostly smaller, sigmoidal plants of E. anagallidifolium with a small proportion of larger ones, and he also suggested the possibility of hybridization and/or introgression. Plants of Epilobium anagallidifolium, and indeed of the whole Alpinae group, from Haida Gwaii (the Queen Charlotte Islands) of British Columbia (J. A. Calder and R. L. Taylor 1968), are particularly distinctive compared to those on the mainland, and difficult to interpret. The observed differences may be the result of hybridization with other sympatric species or a response to unique ecological conditions on the islands, reinforced by relative isolation from mainland British Columbia. The Linnaean name Epilobium alpinum has long been a source of nomenclatural confusion and instability, since it circumscribed at least four distinct species, especially E. anagallidifolium. A proposal by P. C. Hoch et al. (1995) to permanently reject the name E. alpinum Linnaeus was approved. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
In his description of Epilobium nevadense, Munz clearly recognized its affinity to E. nivium and suggested a close relationship between these two species and E. brachycarpum, based on similarities in seed and floral morphology. S. R. Seavey and P. H. Raven (1977c) demonstrated the close affinity between E. nivium and E. nevadense by forming fully fertile (99%) hybrids. However, compared to E. nivium, E. nevadense has denticulate, subglabrous leaves (versus subentire, densely pubescent leaves) and shorter floral tube [2.7–3.2(–5) mm] versus longer (5.2–9.5 mm) in E. nivium; furthermore, the two have completely non-overlapping geographical ranges. In overall morphology and cytology, these two species (and the somewhat more distantly related E. suffruticosum) are quite distinct from the rest of the genus. Originally known only from the Charleston Mountains in southern Nevada, Epilobium nevadense has since been collected in northern Arizona, Eureka and Lincoln counties in Nevada, and in three counties of southwestern Utah. It may be more widespread in this region, much of which (especially in southern Nevada) consists of military reserves that are inaccessible to collectors. Although it was at one time considered endangered (S. D. Ripley 1975) due to the relatively low number of collections and threats from increased recreational use in its area of occurrence, it is no longer considered a candidate for listing (http://endangered.fws.gov). Several collections of this species show evidence of seed predation, apparently by moth larvae (H. N. Mozingo and Margaret Williams 1980), and S. R. Seavey and P. H. Raven (1977c) reported that larvae found in capsules from the locality in the Charleston Mountains were identified as Mompha (Momphidae, Gelechioidea). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
| Parent taxa | ||
| Sibling taxa | ||
| Synonyms | E. alpinum, E. pseudoscaposum | |
| Name authority | Lamarck in J. Lamarck et al.: Encycl. 2: 376. (1786) | Munz: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 56: 166. (1929) |
| Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. |
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