Epilobium anagallidifolium |
Epilobium mirabile |
|
|---|---|---|
|
alpine willow-herb, pimpernel willow-herb, épilobe à feuilles de mouron |
hairy-stem willowherb, Olympic Mountain willowherb |
|
| Habit | Herbs with spreading thin, small-leafed epigeous soboles to 5 cm. | Herbs with sessile, compact, fleshy turions that leave dark basal scales. |
| Stems | many, ascending, often sigmoidally bent, nodding distally, later erect, clumped or mat-forming, terete, 3–20(–25) cm, simple, subglabrous, sometimes with faint raised strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles, rarely mixed strigillose and sparsely glandular puberulent distally. |
erect, loosely or not clumped, terete, 7–30 cm, usually simple, rarely branched, subglabrous with raised strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles, or densely strigillose and without raised lines. |
| Leaves | opposite and crowded proximal to inflorescence, alternate distally, petioles 1–6 mm, rarely subsessile distally; blade spatulate to oblong proximally, elliptic to narrowly lanceolate or sublinear distally, (0.5–)0.8–2.5 × 0.3–1 cm, base attenuate to cuneate, margins subentire proximally, sparsely denticulate distally with 2–5 low teeth per side, veins obscure, 2–4 per side, apex obtuse or rounded proximally to subacute distally, surfaces subglabrous; bracts reduced, usually much narrower. |
opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate distally, petioles 1–3 mm proximally, subsessile distally; blade ovate to narrowly ovate, coriaceous, 1.5–3 × 0.7–1.2 cm, base rounded to cuneate, margins denticulate, 8–12 teeth per side, veins indistinct, 4–9 per side, apex obtuse proximally to acute distally, surfaces sparsely strigillose, mainly on margins and midrib; bracts not much reduced. |
| Inflorescences | nodding in bud, later suberect, few-flowered racemes, subglabrous to sparsely strigillose and/or glandular puberulent. |
erect racemes, rarely branched, densely strigillose. |
| Flowers | suberect; buds 2–5 × 1–2 mm; pedicel 1–6(–15) mm; floral tube 0.6–1.2 × 0.8–1.8 mm, slightly raised subglabrous ring at mouth inside; sepals green to reddish purple, 1.5–5 × 0.6–1.5 mm, abaxial surface subglabrous to sparsely glandular; petals usually pink to rose-purple, rarely white, narrowly obcordate, (1.7–)2.5–6.5(–8) × 1.6–3.5 mm, apical notch 0.5–1.2 mm; filaments cream to light pink, those of longer stamens 1.4–3.2 mm, those of shorter ones 0.7–2 mm; anthers 0.3–0.6 × 0.2–0.4 mm; ovary often reddish purple, 6–20 mm, subglabrous or sparsely strigillose and glandular puberulent; style white, 1.2–2.5 mm, glabrous, stigma broadly clavate to subcapitate, entire, 0.9–1.5 × 0.4–0.7 mm, surrounded by longer anthers. |
erect; buds 3–4 × 1.5–2.2 mm; pedicel 4–5 mm; floral tube 1.5–2 × 1.6–2.2 mm, sparsely glandular puberulent, sometimes mixed strigillose; sepals often purplish red, 2–3.2 ×1.5–2.4 mm; petals white, often red-tinged at apex, 3.8–5 × 2–3 mm, apical notch 0.4–0.8 mm; filaments cream, those of longer stamens 1.4–2.3 mm, those of shorter ones 0.8–1.4 mm; anthers 0.4–0.6 × 0.3–0.5 mm; ovary 10–18 mm, densely strigillose and glandular puberulent; style yellow or light pink, 2–2.3 mm, stigma broadly clavate, 0.8–1 × 0.6–0.7 mm, surrounded by longer anthers. |
| Capsules | slender, often reddish purple, 17–40(–55) mm, surfaces subglabrous or with scattered hairs; pedicel 5–35(–68) mm. |
30–45 mm, relatively thick (2–3 mm), surfaces ± sparsely glandular puberulent and mixed strigillose; pedicel 5–16 mm. |
| Seeds | narrowly obovoid, 0.7–1.4 × 0.3–0.5 mm, inconspicuous chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm wide, light brown, surface reticulate (smooth); coma persistent, dull white, 2–4 mm. |
narrowly obovoid, 1.7–2.2 × 0.6–0.8 mm, chalazal collar inconspicuous, gray to light brown, surface low papillose or reticulate; coma readily detached, white, very full, 10–15 mm. |
| 2n | = 36. |
= 36. |
Epilobium anagallidifolium |
Epilobium mirabile |
|
| Phenology | Flowering Jun–Sep. | Flowering Jul–Aug. |
| Habitat | Moist flats, stream banks, subarctic coastal marsh edges, high montane and alpine meadows and seeps. | Subalpine scree slopes, gravelly tussock meadows. |
| Elevation | 0–4500 m. [0–14800 ft.] | 1500–2600 m. [4900–8500 ft.] |
| Distribution |
AK; CA; CO; ID; ME; MT; NH; NV; OR; UT; WA; WY; AB; BC; NL; NT; NU; QC; YT; Greenland; Eurasia
|
MT; WA; AB; BC |
| Discussion | Epilobium anagallidifolium is widely but sparsely distributed in high montane-alpine and subarctic Eurasia, including Europe, Russia, China, and Japan. Epilobium anagallidifolium usually forms low clumps or mats, with stems nodding in bud and usually subglabrous below the inflorescence. Many collections of E. anagallidifolium from eastern Canada and Greenland tend to be unusually tall (to 25 cm) and robust for the species, with somewhat larger, thicker leaves, and longer pedicels (to 60 mm). Similarly large and robust specimens occur scattered in Yukon and Washington, and may result from occasional hybridization and introgression with sympatric species such as E. hornemannii or E. lactiflorum, which also have the CC chromosomal arrangement. In an analysis of Fennoscandian populations of the Alpinae group, I. Kytövuori (1972) found a similar pattern of mostly smaller, sigmoidal plants of E. anagallidifolium with a small proportion of larger ones, and he also suggested the possibility of hybridization and/or introgression. Plants of Epilobium anagallidifolium, and indeed of the whole Alpinae group, from Haida Gwaii (the Queen Charlotte Islands) of British Columbia (J. A. Calder and R. L. Taylor 1968), are particularly distinctive compared to those on the mainland, and difficult to interpret. The observed differences may be the result of hybridization with other sympatric species or a response to unique ecological conditions on the islands, reinforced by relative isolation from mainland British Columbia. The Linnaean name Epilobium alpinum has long been a source of nomenclatural confusion and instability, since it circumscribed at least four distinct species, especially E. anagallidifolium. A proposal by P. C. Hoch et al. (1995) to permanently reject the name E. alpinum Linnaeus was approved. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Epilobium mirabile also has the CC chromosomal arrangement and is one of the least common species of Epilobium in North America; fewer than 20 collections are known, even though its range is quite large. Most collections are from the Olympic Peninsula in Washington or Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park in Alberta and adjacent Montana. However, one collection is known from Powell County in central Montana, and one from Manning Provincial Park in British Columbia. The species may be more widespread but under-collected due to its restricted habitat, mainly on subalpine south-facing scree slopes. Specimens of Epilobium mirabile from the northern Rocky Mountains (Alberta and Montana) have subglabrous stems with strong, raised, strigillose lines and seeds with low papillose surfaces, whereas specimens from the northern Cascades (British Columbia) and Olympic Mountains (Washington) have densely strigillose stems with no raised lines and seeds with reticulate surfaces. The plants otherwise have very similar and distinctive morphology and ecology. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
| Parent taxa | ||
| Sibling taxa | ||
| Synonyms | E. alpinum, E. pseudoscaposum | |
| Name authority | Lamarck in J. Lamarck et al.: Encycl. 2: 376. (1786) | Trelease: Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 404. (1906) |
| Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. |
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