Epilobium anagallidifolium |
Epilobium leptocarpum |
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|---|---|---|
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alpine willow-herb, pimpernel willow-herb, épilobe à feuilles de mouron |
low willowherb, slender-fruit willowherb, small-fruit willowherb |
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| Habit | Herbs with spreading thin, small-leafed epigeous soboles to 5 cm. | Herbs with numerous small, (3–5 × 2–3 mm), fleshy, sessile turions at or just below ground level, often also with bulblets in proximal to mid cauline leaf axils. |
| Stems | many, ascending, often sigmoidally bent, nodding distally, later erect, clumped or mat-forming, terete, 3–20(–25) cm, simple, subglabrous, sometimes with faint raised strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles, rarely mixed strigillose and sparsely glandular puberulent distally. |
erect or ascending, often clumped, often flushed red, terete, 8–30 cm, simple or branched, glabrous proximal to inflorescence except for elevated strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petiole, strigillose throughout distally. |
| Leaves | opposite and crowded proximal to inflorescence, alternate distally, petioles 1–6 mm, rarely subsessile distally; blade spatulate to oblong proximally, elliptic to narrowly lanceolate or sublinear distally, (0.5–)0.8–2.5 × 0.3–1 cm, base attenuate to cuneate, margins subentire proximally, sparsely denticulate distally with 2–5 low teeth per side, veins obscure, 2–4 per side, apex obtuse or rounded proximally to subacute distally, surfaces subglabrous; bracts reduced, usually much narrower. |
opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate distally, petiole broad, 3–5 mm proximally to subsessile distally; blade lanceolate or elliptic to narrowly lanceolate distally, 0.8–4 × 0.4–1.3 cm, base attenuate to cuneate, margins subentire to denticulate distally, 5–9 teeth per side, veins 3 or 4 per side, apex obtuse to distally acute, surfaces glabrous with sparsely strigillose margins and abaxial midrib; bracts reduced and narrower. |
| Inflorescences | nodding in bud, later suberect, few-flowered racemes, subglabrous to sparsely strigillose and/or glandular puberulent. |
nodding to suberect, racemes, strigillose. |
| Flowers | suberect; buds 2–5 × 1–2 mm; pedicel 1–6(–15) mm; floral tube 0.6–1.2 × 0.8–1.8 mm, slightly raised subglabrous ring at mouth inside; sepals green to reddish purple, 1.5–5 × 0.6–1.5 mm, abaxial surface subglabrous to sparsely glandular; petals usually pink to rose-purple, rarely white, narrowly obcordate, (1.7–)2.5–6.5(–8) × 1.6–3.5 mm, apical notch 0.5–1.2 mm; filaments cream to light pink, those of longer stamens 1.4–3.2 mm, those of shorter ones 0.7–2 mm; anthers 0.3–0.6 × 0.2–0.4 mm; ovary often reddish purple, 6–20 mm, subglabrous or sparsely strigillose and glandular puberulent; style white, 1.2–2.5 mm, glabrous, stigma broadly clavate to subcapitate, entire, 0.9–1.5 × 0.4–0.7 mm, surrounded by longer anthers. |
erect; buds 2–4 × 1.5–2.5 mm; pedicel 7–12 mm; floral tube 1–2 × 1–2 mm, with ring of spreading hairs at mouth inside; sepals green, narrowly lanceolate, 3–4 × 0.8–1.2 mm; petals white fading to pink, 4–6.5 × 2.3–4 mm, apical notch 0.8–1.6 mm; filaments white, those of longer stamens 2.2–3 mm, those of shorter ones 1.2–1.6 mm; anthers 0.4–0.8 × 0.4–0.6 mm; ovary 12–18 mm, densely strigillose; style white, 3.2–4 mm, stigma cream, broadly clavate, 0.6–1.5 × 0.6–1.2 mm, surrounded by at least longer anthers. |
| Capsules | slender, often reddish purple, 17–40(–55) mm, surfaces subglabrous or with scattered hairs; pedicel 5–35(–68) mm. |
often reddish green, 25–55 mm, thin, surfaces sparsely strigillose; pedicel 15–38 mm. |
| Seeds | narrowly obovoid, 0.7–1.4 × 0.3–0.5 mm, inconspicuous chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm wide, light brown, surface reticulate (smooth); coma persistent, dull white, 2–4 mm. |
subfusiform, 0.8–1.2 × 0.3–0.4 mm, chalazal collar inconspicuous, 0.02–0.06 mm, light brown, surface papillose; coma persistent, tawny, 3–6 mm. |
| 2n | = 36. |
= 36. |
Epilobium anagallidifolium |
Epilobium leptocarpum |
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| Phenology | Flowering Jun–Sep. | Flowering Jun–Aug. |
| Habitat | Moist flats, stream banks, subarctic coastal marsh edges, high montane and alpine meadows and seeps. | Boreal/montane moist meadows, stream banks, moist bluffs, sun to part shade, gravelly or sandy soils, mossy ground. |
| Elevation | 0–4500 m. [0–14800 ft.] | 0–2400 m. [0–7900 ft.] |
| Distribution |
AK; CA; CO; ID; ME; MT; NH; NV; OR; UT; WA; WY; AB; BC; NL; NT; NU; QC; YT; Greenland; Eurasia
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AK; ID; MT; OR; WA; AB; BC
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| Discussion | Epilobium anagallidifolium is widely but sparsely distributed in high montane-alpine and subarctic Eurasia, including Europe, Russia, China, and Japan. Epilobium anagallidifolium usually forms low clumps or mats, with stems nodding in bud and usually subglabrous below the inflorescence. Many collections of E. anagallidifolium from eastern Canada and Greenland tend to be unusually tall (to 25 cm) and robust for the species, with somewhat larger, thicker leaves, and longer pedicels (to 60 mm). Similarly large and robust specimens occur scattered in Yukon and Washington, and may result from occasional hybridization and introgression with sympatric species such as E. hornemannii or E. lactiflorum, which also have the CC chromosomal arrangement. In an analysis of Fennoscandian populations of the Alpinae group, I. Kytövuori (1972) found a similar pattern of mostly smaller, sigmoidal plants of E. anagallidifolium with a small proportion of larger ones, and he also suggested the possibility of hybridization and/or introgression. Plants of Epilobium anagallidifolium, and indeed of the whole Alpinae group, from Haida Gwaii (the Queen Charlotte Islands) of British Columbia (J. A. Calder and R. L. Taylor 1968), are particularly distinctive compared to those on the mainland, and difficult to interpret. The observed differences may be the result of hybridization with other sympatric species or a response to unique ecological conditions on the islands, reinforced by relative isolation from mainland British Columbia. The Linnaean name Epilobium alpinum has long been a source of nomenclatural confusion and instability, since it circumscribed at least four distinct species, especially E. anagallidifolium. A proposal by P. C. Hoch et al. (1995) to permanently reject the name E. alpinum Linnaeus was approved. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Epilobium leptocarpum often occurs sympatrically with other species of the Alpinae alliance within its Pacific Northwest range, and shares with them the CC chromosomal arrangement. However, it has small compact basal turions and, almost uniquely in Epilobium, bulblets in the leaf axils. The only other species with bulblets is E. fauriei H. Léveillé, an endemic in Japan that has strikingly similar overall morphology to that E. leptocarpum, and shares with it the CC chromosome arrangement. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
| Parent taxa | ||
| Sibling taxa | ||
| Synonyms | E. alpinum, E. pseudoscaposum | E. paddoense |
| Name authority | Lamarck in J. Lamarck et al.: Encycl. 2: 376. (1786) | Haussknecht: Monogr. Epilobium, 258, plate 14, fig. 67. (1884) |
| Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. |
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