Epilobium anagallidifolium |
Epilobium foliosum |
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|---|---|---|
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alpine willow-herb, pimpernel willow-herb, épilobe à feuilles de mouron |
California willowherb, foliose willowherb, leafy willowherb, Suksdorf's willowherb |
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| Habit | Herbs with spreading thin, small-leafed epigeous soboles to 5 cm. | Herbs slender. |
| Stems | many, ascending, often sigmoidally bent, nodding distally, later erect, clumped or mat-forming, terete, 3–20(–25) cm, simple, subglabrous, sometimes with faint raised strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles, rarely mixed strigillose and sparsely glandular puberulent distally. |
strict, terete, 5–45 cm, simple to freely branched, subglabrous to strigillose proximally, strigillose and often villous and/or glandular puberulent distally. |
| Leaves | opposite and crowded proximal to inflorescence, alternate distally, petioles 1–6 mm, rarely subsessile distally; blade spatulate to oblong proximally, elliptic to narrowly lanceolate or sublinear distally, (0.5–)0.8–2.5 × 0.3–1 cm, base attenuate to cuneate, margins subentire proximally, sparsely denticulate distally with 2–5 low teeth per side, veins obscure, 2–4 per side, apex obtuse or rounded proximally to subacute distally, surfaces subglabrous; bracts reduced, usually much narrower. |
mostly alternate, often fasciculate distally, petiole 1–12 mm, blade spatulate proximally to narrowly lanceolate or linear distally, usually folded along midrib, 0.5–3 × 0.1–0.7 cm, base long-attenuate, margins subentire or scarcely serrulate, 2–4 remote teeth per side, lateral veins inconspicuous, apex blunt proximally to acute distally, surfaces subglabrous or with scattered short hairs on margins; bracts much reduced, sometimes attached to pedicel. |
| Inflorescences | nodding in bud, later suberect, few-flowered racemes, subglabrous to sparsely strigillose and/or glandular puberulent. |
suberect panicles or racemes, congested distally, with few thin branches, densely strigillose, often sparsely mixed villous and glandular puberulent. |
| Flowers | suberect; buds 2–5 × 1–2 mm; pedicel 1–6(–15) mm; floral tube 0.6–1.2 × 0.8–1.8 mm, slightly raised subglabrous ring at mouth inside; sepals green to reddish purple, 1.5–5 × 0.6–1.5 mm, abaxial surface subglabrous to sparsely glandular; petals usually pink to rose-purple, rarely white, narrowly obcordate, (1.7–)2.5–6.5(–8) × 1.6–3.5 mm, apical notch 0.5–1.2 mm; filaments cream to light pink, those of longer stamens 1.4–3.2 mm, those of shorter ones 0.7–2 mm; anthers 0.3–0.6 × 0.2–0.4 mm; ovary often reddish purple, 6–20 mm, subglabrous or sparsely strigillose and glandular puberulent; style white, 1.2–2.5 mm, glabrous, stigma broadly clavate to subcapitate, entire, 0.9–1.5 × 0.4–0.7 mm, surrounded by longer anthers. |
erect, often cleistogamous; buds 1.1–1.9 × 0.8–1.1 mm,often apiculate; floral tube 0.4–0.8 × 0.5–0.8 mm, with ring of short hairs at mouth inside; sepals often reddish green, 1.3–2.5 × 0.5–0.7 mm, apex subacute; petals white,1.4–2.5(–3) × 1–1.8 mm, apical notch 0.5–0.7 mm; filaments white, those of longer stamens 0.9–1.3 mm, those of shorter ones 0.5–0.7 mm; anthers 0.3–0.5 × 0.2–0.4 mm, apiculate; ovary 4–6 mm, strigillose; style white or cream, 1.2–1.7 mm, stigma subcapitate to obscurely 4-lobed, 0.3–0.4 × 0.4–0.6 mm, surrounded by longer anthers. |
| Capsules | slender, often reddish purple, 17–40(–55) mm, surfaces subglabrous or with scattered hairs; pedicel 5–35(–68) mm. |
12–20 mm, surfaces sparsely hairy; pedicel 2–5 mm. |
| Seeds | narrowly obovoid, 0.7–1.4 × 0.3–0.5 mm, inconspicuous chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm wide, light brown, surface reticulate (smooth); coma persistent, dull white, 2–4 mm. |
obovoid, with slight constriction 0.2–0.3 mm from micropylar end, 0.6–0.9 × 0.3–0.5 mm, short chalazal collar 0.2–0.3 mm wide, grayish brown, surface low-papillose in ± irregular rows; coma easily detached, dingy white, 2–2.5 mm. |
| 2n | = 36. |
= 32. |
Epilobium anagallidifolium |
Epilobium foliosum |
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| Phenology | Flowering Jun–Sep. | Flowering Apr–Aug. |
| Habitat | Moist flats, stream banks, subarctic coastal marsh edges, high montane and alpine meadows and seeps. | Dry, rocky slopes, roadsides, disturbed dry areas in mountains. |
| Elevation | 0–4500 m. [0–14800 ft.] | 50–2300 m. [160–7500 ft.] |
| Distribution |
AK; CA; CO; ID; ME; MT; NH; NV; OR; UT; WA; WY; AB; BC; NL; NT; NU; QC; YT; Greenland; Eurasia
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AZ; CA; ID; OR; WA; BC; Mexico (Baja California)
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| Discussion | Epilobium anagallidifolium is widely but sparsely distributed in high montane-alpine and subarctic Eurasia, including Europe, Russia, China, and Japan. Epilobium anagallidifolium usually forms low clumps or mats, with stems nodding in bud and usually subglabrous below the inflorescence. Many collections of E. anagallidifolium from eastern Canada and Greenland tend to be unusually tall (to 25 cm) and robust for the species, with somewhat larger, thicker leaves, and longer pedicels (to 60 mm). Similarly large and robust specimens occur scattered in Yukon and Washington, and may result from occasional hybridization and introgression with sympatric species such as E. hornemannii or E. lactiflorum, which also have the CC chromosomal arrangement. In an analysis of Fennoscandian populations of the Alpinae group, I. Kytövuori (1972) found a similar pattern of mostly smaller, sigmoidal plants of E. anagallidifolium with a small proportion of larger ones, and he also suggested the possibility of hybridization and/or introgression. Plants of Epilobium anagallidifolium, and indeed of the whole Alpinae group, from Haida Gwaii (the Queen Charlotte Islands) of British Columbia (J. A. Calder and R. L. Taylor 1968), are particularly distinctive compared to those on the mainland, and difficult to interpret. The observed differences may be the result of hybridization with other sympatric species or a response to unique ecological conditions on the islands, reinforced by relative isolation from mainland British Columbia. The Linnaean name Epilobium alpinum has long been a source of nomenclatural confusion and instability, since it circumscribed at least four distinct species, especially E. anagallidifolium. A proposal by P. C. Hoch et al. (1995) to permanently reject the name E. alpinum Linnaeus was approved. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Epilobium foliosum is an autogamous self-compatible species, frequently with cleistogamous flowers, and even when the flowers are somewhat larger and chasmogamous, they rarely have insect visitors. S. R. Seavey et al. (1977b) tentatively determined a specimen from Guadalupe Island, 280 km off the coast of Baja California, Mexico (Palmer 4217 in 1875) as Epilobium foliosum, and an additional sheet of the same collection (GH, as Palmer 31) had mature seeds (0.75–0.8 mm, low papillose) that verify that determination. No additional collections of this affinity since that by Palmer in 1875 have been found at this locality nor elsewhere in Mexico. Another disjunct occurrence of this species, at least 600 km east of California populations in Gila County, Arizona, is equally difficult to explain, since the collections, made between 1935 and the present, are from scattered localities in the region and do not seem obviously associated with introduction from human activity. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
| Parent taxa | ||
| Sibling taxa | ||
| Synonyms | E. alpinum, E. pseudoscaposum | E. minutum var. foliosum, E. foliosum var. glabrum, E. minutum var. biolettii |
| Name authority | Lamarck in J. Lamarck et al.: Encycl. 2: 376. (1786) | (Torrey & A. Gray) Suksdorf: Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. 18: 87. (1900) |
| Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. |
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