Epilobium anagallidifolium |
Epilobium canum |
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alpine willow-herb, pimpernel willow-herb, épilobe à feuilles de mouron |
California fire chalice, California fuchsia, firechalice, hummingbird trumpet, zauschneria |
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| Habit | Herbs with spreading thin, small-leafed epigeous soboles to 5 cm. | Herbs suffruticose or not, with basal shoots from ± woody caudex, often decussate scales at base. | ||||||||
| Stems | many, ascending, often sigmoidally bent, nodding distally, later erect, clumped or mat-forming, terete, 3–20(–25) cm, simple, subglabrous, sometimes with faint raised strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles, rarely mixed strigillose and sparsely glandular puberulent distally. |
erect to ascending, often clumped but not matted, green or gray-green, terete, 10–110(–120) cm, usually well-branched throughout, sometimes simple, strigillose and/or long-villous, usually mixed glandular puberulent distally, rarely glabrate. |
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| Leaves | opposite and crowded proximal to inflorescence, alternate distally, petioles 1–6 mm, rarely subsessile distally; blade spatulate to oblong proximally, elliptic to narrowly lanceolate or sublinear distally, (0.5–)0.8–2.5 × 0.3–1 cm, base attenuate to cuneate, margins subentire proximally, sparsely denticulate distally with 2–5 low teeth per side, veins obscure, 2–4 per side, apex obtuse or rounded proximally to subacute distally, surfaces subglabrous; bracts reduced, usually much narrower. |
± densely spaced, alternate and often fasciculate distally, subsessile, blade grayish green or green to silvery-canescent, usually narrowly linear to lanceolate or elliptic to ovate, rarely orbiculate, 0.6–5(–6) × 0.1–2.5 cm, base cuneate to attenuate, margins subentire to sharply toothed, 3–15 teeth per side, veins inconspicuous or prominent, 3–7 per side, apex acute, sometimes with caducous dark mucro, surfaces usually ± densely strigillose, sometimes mixed villous and/or glandular puberulent, rarely glabrate; bracts much smaller and narrower. |
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| Inflorescences | nodding in bud, later suberect, few-flowered racemes, subglabrous to sparsely strigillose and/or glandular puberulent. |
erect spikes or racemes, loose to congested, often branched, glandular puberulent and sometimes mixed strigillose or villous. |
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| Flowers | suberect; buds 2–5 × 1–2 mm; pedicel 1–6(–15) mm; floral tube 0.6–1.2 × 0.8–1.8 mm, slightly raised subglabrous ring at mouth inside; sepals green to reddish purple, 1.5–5 × 0.6–1.5 mm, abaxial surface subglabrous to sparsely glandular; petals usually pink to rose-purple, rarely white, narrowly obcordate, (1.7–)2.5–6.5(–8) × 1.6–3.5 mm, apical notch 0.5–1.2 mm; filaments cream to light pink, those of longer stamens 1.4–3.2 mm, those of shorter ones 0.7–2 mm; anthers 0.3–0.6 × 0.2–0.4 mm; ovary often reddish purple, 6–20 mm, subglabrous or sparsely strigillose and glandular puberulent; style white, 1.2–2.5 mm, glabrous, stigma broadly clavate to subcapitate, entire, 0.9–1.5 × 0.4–0.7 mm, surrounded by longer anthers. |
buds 11–18 × 4–6 mm, subsessile or pedicels 1–2 mm; floral tube same color as petals, 16–32 × 5–8 mm, base slightly bulbous, ring of 8 irregular scales at base of filaments 4–6.5 mm from base inside; sepals same color as petals, 7–15 × 3.5–5 mm, abaxial surface densely pubescent; petals usually orange-red, very rarely white, obcordate, 8–17 × 5–9.5 mm, apical notch 2–3 mm; filaments light orange-red to white, those of longer stamens 12.5–32 mm, those of shorter ones 10–25 mm; anthers 2.7–4x 0.8–1.2 mm, apiculate; ovary 8–15 mm, glandular puberulent, often mixed villous; style light orange-red, 42–65 mm, glabrous, stigma 4-lobed, 1–1.4 × 2.4–3 mm, exserted 8–15 mm beyond anthers. |
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| Capsules | slender, often reddish purple, 17–40(–55) mm, surfaces subglabrous or with scattered hairs; pedicel 5–35(–68) mm. |
straight or ± curved-ascending, 15–35 mm, sometimes beaked, surfaces glandular puberulent and strigillose; subsessile or pedicel 0–3 mm. |
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| Seeds | narrowly obovoid, 0.7–1.4 × 0.3–0.5 mm, inconspicuous chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm wide, light brown, surface reticulate (smooth); coma persistent, dull white, 2–4 mm. |
broadly to narrowly obovoid, with constriction 0.6–0.8 mm from micropylar end, 1.5–2.6 × 0.9–1.3 mm, chalazal collar inconspicuous, light brown, surface low papillose; coma easily detached, dingy white, 5.5–7 mm. |
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| 2n | = 36. |
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Epilobium anagallidifolium |
Epilobium canum |
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| Phenology | Flowering Jun–Sep. | |||||||||
| Habitat | Moist flats, stream banks, subarctic coastal marsh edges, high montane and alpine meadows and seeps. | |||||||||
| Elevation | 0–4500 m. [0–14800 ft.] | |||||||||
| Distribution |
AK; CA; CO; ID; ME; MT; NH; NV; OR; UT; WA; WY; AB; BC; NL; NT; NU; QC; YT; Greenland; Eurasia
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sw United States; nw Mexico
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| Discussion | Epilobium anagallidifolium is widely but sparsely distributed in high montane-alpine and subarctic Eurasia, including Europe, Russia, China, and Japan. Epilobium anagallidifolium usually forms low clumps or mats, with stems nodding in bud and usually subglabrous below the inflorescence. Many collections of E. anagallidifolium from eastern Canada and Greenland tend to be unusually tall (to 25 cm) and robust for the species, with somewhat larger, thicker leaves, and longer pedicels (to 60 mm). Similarly large and robust specimens occur scattered in Yukon and Washington, and may result from occasional hybridization and introgression with sympatric species such as E. hornemannii or E. lactiflorum, which also have the CC chromosomal arrangement. In an analysis of Fennoscandian populations of the Alpinae group, I. Kytövuori (1972) found a similar pattern of mostly smaller, sigmoidal plants of E. anagallidifolium with a small proportion of larger ones, and he also suggested the possibility of hybridization and/or introgression. Plants of Epilobium anagallidifolium, and indeed of the whole Alpinae group, from Haida Gwaii (the Queen Charlotte Islands) of British Columbia (J. A. Calder and R. L. Taylor 1968), are particularly distinctive compared to those on the mainland, and difficult to interpret. The observed differences may be the result of hybridization with other sympatric species or a response to unique ecological conditions on the islands, reinforced by relative isolation from mainland British Columbia. The Linnaean name Epilobium alpinum has long been a source of nomenclatural confusion and instability, since it circumscribed at least four distinct species, especially E. anagallidifolium. A proposal by P. C. Hoch et al. (1995) to permanently reject the name E. alpinum Linnaeus was approved. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Subspecies 3 (3 in the flora). This treatment recognizes three self-compatible but highly outcrossing subspecies marked by distinct but sometimes intergrading morphology and overlapping geographical ranges. R. N. Bowman and P. C. Hoch (1979) agreed with the treatment of Epilobium canum subsp. garrettii (n = 15) and subsp. latifolium (n = 30) by P. H. Raven (1976), but considering the complex intergrading patterns of variation involving the rest of this species, they combined the two remaining tetraploid subspecies recognized by Raven (subspp. angustifolium and mexicanum) with the remaining diploid subspecies into a single polyploid subsp. canum. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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| Synonyms | E. alpinum, E. pseudoscaposum | Zauschneria cana | ||||||||
| Name authority | Lamarck in J. Lamarck et al.: Encycl. 2: 376. (1786) | (Greene) P. H. Raven: Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 63: 335. (1977) | ||||||||
| Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. | ||||||||
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