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alpine willow-herb, pimpernel willow-herb, épilobe à feuilles de mouron

pygmy willowherb, smooth boisduvalia, smooth spike-primrose, smooth willowherb

Habit Herbs with spreading thin, small-leafed epigeous soboles to 5 cm. Herbs with 1 or more unbranched taproots.
Stems

many, ascending, often sigmoidally bent, nodding distally, later erect, clumped or mat-forming, terete, 3–20(–25) cm, simple, subglabrous, sometimes with faint raised strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles, rarely mixed strigillose and sparsely glandular puberulent distally.

usually suberect, rarely matted, terete, 1.5–50 cm, often with sprawling, decumbent proximal branches, rarely simple, glabrous proximally or throughout, sometimes ± densely strigillose and/or villous distally.

Leaves

opposite and crowded proximal to inflorescence, alternate distally, petioles 1–6 mm, rarely subsessile distally;

blade spatulate to oblong proximally, elliptic to narrowly lanceolate or sublinear distally, (0.5–)0.8–2.5 × 0.3–1 cm, base attenuate to cuneate, margins subentire proximally, sparsely denticulate distally with 2–5 low teeth per side, veins obscure, 2–4 per side, apex obtuse or rounded proximally to subacute distally, surfaces subglabrous;

bracts reduced, usually much narrower.

crowded, subsessile, blade lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate or oblong, 0.8–3.5 × 0.2–0.6(–1) cm, longer than subtending internodes, base cuneate, margins evenly serrulate, 4–7 teeth per side, lateral veins obscure, 2–5 per side, apex acute, surfaces strigillose and ± villous, at least along veins and margins;

bracts not much reduced.

Inflorescences

nodding in bud, later suberect, few-flowered racemes, subglabrous to sparsely strigillose and/or glandular puberulent.

erect spikes, congested, unbranched, densely strigillose and ± villous or subglabrous.

Flowers

suberect;

buds 2–5 × 1–2 mm;

pedicel 1–6(–15) mm;

floral tube 0.6–1.2 × 0.8–1.8 mm, slightly raised subglabrous ring at mouth inside;

sepals green to reddish purple, 1.5–5 × 0.6–1.5 mm, abaxial surface subglabrous to sparsely glandular;

petals usually pink to rose-purple, rarely white, narrowly obcordate, (1.7–)2.5–6.5(–8) × 1.6–3.5 mm, apical notch 0.5–1.2 mm;

filaments cream to light pink, those of longer stamens 1.4–3.2 mm, those of shorter ones 0.7–2 mm;

anthers 0.3–0.6 × 0.2–0.4 mm;

ovary often reddish purple, 6–20 mm, subglabrous or sparsely strigillose and glandular puberulent;

style white, 1.2–2.5 mm, glabrous, stigma broadly clavate to subcapitate, entire, 0.9–1.5 × 0.4–0.7 mm, surrounded by longer anthers.

erect, often hidden by subtending bracts, often cleistogamous;

buds 1.2–2 × 0.7–1.1 mm;

floral tube 0.3–1.1 × 0.2–0.8 mm, raised ciliate ring proximal to mouth inside;

sepals reddish green, 0.7–1.9 × 0.6–1.2 mm;

petals pale pink, fading purplish rose, 0.9–3.5 × 0.7–0.9 mm, apical notch 0.3–1.3 mm;

filaments light pink, those of longer stamens 0.5–1.5 mm, those of shorter ones 0.4–0.9 mm;

anthers pale yellow, 0.4–0.8 × 0.3–0.5 mm;

ovary 3–5 mm, usually densely villous;

style pale pink, 0.6–1.8 mm, stigma clavate, irregularly 4-lobed to subentire, 0.5–1 × 0.2–0.6 mm, surrounded by longer anthers.

Capsules

slender, often reddish purple, 17–40(–55) mm, surfaces subglabrous or with scattered hairs;

pedicel 5–35(–68) mm.

cylindrical to subfusiform, ± terete, 4.5–8 mm, beak 0.8–1 mm, usually dehiscing on distal 1/3, sometimes tardily splitting to base, central axis prematurely disintegrating, villous;

subsessile.

Seeds

narrowly obovoid, 0.7–1.4 × 0.3–0.5 mm, inconspicuous chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm wide, light brown, surface reticulate (smooth);

coma persistent, dull white, 2–4 mm.

7–14 per tightly packed row, irregularly angular-fusiform, 1–1.3 × 0.4–0.6 mm, chalazal collar absent, surface irregularly reticulate.

2n

= 36.

= 30.

Epilobium anagallidifolium

Epilobium campestre

Phenology Flowering Jun–Sep. Flowering May–Sep.
Habitat Moist flats, stream banks, subarctic coastal marsh edges, high montane and alpine meadows and seeps. Vernally moist flats, depressions, shores, and open fields, usually clay soils.
Elevation 0–4500 m. [0–14800 ft.] 30–3000 m. [100–9800 ft.]
Distribution
from FNA
AK; CA; CO; ID; ME; MT; NH; NV; OR; UT; WA; WY; AB; BC; NL; NT; NU; QC; YT; Greenland; Eurasia
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AZ; CA; ID; MT; ND; NM; NV; OR; SD; UT; WA; WY; AB; BC; SK; Mexico (Baja California); South America (Argentina)
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Epilobium anagallidifolium is widely but sparsely distributed in high montane-alpine and subarctic Eurasia, including Europe, Russia, China, and Japan.

Epilobium anagallidifolium usually forms low clumps or mats, with stems nodding in bud and usually subglabrous below the inflorescence. Many collections of E. anagallidifolium from eastern Canada and Greenland tend to be unusually tall (to 25 cm) and robust for the species, with somewhat larger, thicker leaves, and longer pedicels (to 60 mm). Similarly large and robust specimens occur scattered in Yukon and Washington, and may result from occasional hybridization and introgression with sympatric species such as E. hornemannii or E. lactiflorum, which also have the CC chromosomal arrangement. In an analysis of Fennoscandian populations of the Alpinae group, I. Kytövuori (1972) found a similar pattern of mostly smaller, sigmoidal plants of E. anagallidifolium with a small proportion of larger ones, and he also suggested the possibility of hybridization and/or introgression.

Plants of Epilobium anagallidifolium, and indeed of the whole Alpinae group, from Haida Gwaii (the Queen Charlotte Islands) of British Columbia (J. A. Calder and R. L. Taylor 1968), are particularly distinctive compared to those on the mainland, and difficult to interpret. The observed differences may be the result of hybridization with other sympatric species or a response to unique ecological conditions on the islands, reinforced by relative isolation from mainland British Columbia.

The Linnaean name Epilobium alpinum has long been a source of nomenclatural confusion and instability, since it circumscribed at least four distinct species, especially E. anagallidifolium. A proposal by P. C. Hoch et al. (1995) to permanently reject the name E. alpinum Linnaeus was approved.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Epilobium campestre is widespread in temperate western North America. Like E. cleistogamum, it also grows in habitats that are only moist early in the growing season, or otherwise ephemeral moist places, like shores of reservoirs with fluctuating water levels(P. H. Raven and D. M. Moore 1965), and consequently flowers earlier than most species of Epilobium.

The occurrence of this species in Chubut Province, Argentina, appears to be the result of natural long-distance dispersal, probably by birds.

Seeds of Epilobium campestre are inclined about 20° from vertical, which while unique and characteristic is a difficult character to observe. Seeds are tightly packed in rigid capsules, as described under E. cleistogamum.

Oenothera pygmaea Spegazzini 1899, an illegitimate name (not Douglas 1832), pertains here.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobiopsis
Sibling taxa
E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
Synonyms E. alpinum, E. pseudoscaposum Boisduvalia campestris, B. glabella, B. glabella var. campestris, B. pygmaea, E. pygmaeum, Oenothera glabella
Name authority Lamarck in J. Lamarck et al.: Encycl. 2: 376. (1786) (Jepson) Hoch & W. L. Wagner: Syst. Bot. Monogr. 83: 208. (2007)
Source FNA vol. 10. Treatment author: Peter C. Hoch. FNA vol. 10. Treatment author: Peter C. Hoch.
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