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alpine willow-herb, pimpernel willow-herb, épilobe à feuilles de mouron

autumn willowherb, tall annual willowherb, tall willowherb, willow herb, épilobe d'automne

Habit Herbs with spreading thin, small-leafed epigeous soboles to 5 cm. Herbs slender.
Stems

many, ascending, often sigmoidally bent, nodding distally, later erect, clumped or mat-forming, terete, 3–20(–25) cm, simple, subglabrous, sometimes with faint raised strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles, rarely mixed strigillose and sparsely glandular puberulent distally.

erect, terete, 15–200 cm, simple to paniculate-branched (especially in larger plants), glabrous proximally, strigillose distally, sometimes mixed glandular puberulent.

Leaves

opposite and crowded proximal to inflorescence, alternate distally, petioles 1–6 mm, rarely subsessile distally;

blade spatulate to oblong proximally, elliptic to narrowly lanceolate or sublinear distally, (0.5–)0.8–2.5 × 0.3–1 cm, base attenuate to cuneate, margins subentire proximally, sparsely denticulate distally with 2–5 low teeth per side, veins obscure, 2–4 per side, apex obtuse or rounded proximally to subacute distally, surfaces subglabrous;

bracts reduced, usually much narrower.

subsessile or petiole 1–4 mm, blade linear to linear-lanceolate or narrowly elliptical, often folded along midrib, 1–5.5(–7) × 0.1–0.8 cm, usually shorter than internodes, base tapered or cuneate, margins remotely denticulate, 2–10 teeth per side, lateral veins obscure, 2–5 per side, apex acute or acuminate, surfaces subglabrous and sometimes glaucous to strigillose;

bracts very reduced, sometimes attached to pedicel.

Inflorescences

nodding in bud, later suberect, few-flowered racemes, subglabrous to sparsely strigillose and/or glandular puberulent.

erect, open panicles with filiform branches or simple racemes, glabrous or strigillose, often mixed glandular puberulent.

Flowers

suberect;

buds 2–5 × 1–2 mm;

pedicel 1–6(–15) mm;

floral tube 0.6–1.2 × 0.8–1.8 mm, slightly raised subglabrous ring at mouth inside;

sepals green to reddish purple, 1.5–5 × 0.6–1.5 mm, abaxial surface subglabrous to sparsely glandular;

petals usually pink to rose-purple, rarely white, narrowly obcordate, (1.7–)2.5–6.5(–8) × 1.6–3.5 mm, apical notch 0.5–1.2 mm;

filaments cream to light pink, those of longer stamens 1.4–3.2 mm, those of shorter ones 0.7–2 mm;

anthers 0.3–0.6 × 0.2–0.4 mm;

ovary often reddish purple, 6–20 mm, subglabrous or sparsely strigillose and glandular puberulent;

style white, 1.2–2.5 mm, glabrous, stigma broadly clavate to subcapitate, entire, 0.9–1.5 × 0.4–0.7 mm, surrounded by longer anthers.

usually erect;

buds 1–12 × 1–3.5 mm;

floral tube obconic to funnel-form, 1–16 × 0.8–2.9 mm, with ring of spreading hairs near mouth inside, in larger flowers, ring swollen;

sepals green to reddish green, 1–8.5 × 0.8–2.1 mm, apex acute, abaxial surface strigillose and glandular puberulent to subglabrous;

petals white to pink or deep rose-purple, 1.5–15(–20) × 1–7.5 mm, apical notch 0.5–6.5 mm;

filaments usually cream-white, rarely pink, those of longer stamens 1–9.5 mm, those of shorter ones 0.5–6.3 mm;

anthers cream, 0.5–4 × 0.3–2 mm;

ovary 2–16 mm, strigillose, often mixed glandular puberulent, to subglabrous;

style cream, 2–18 mm, stigma clavate to subcapitate, entire to deeply 4-lobed, 0.5–1.9 × 0.3–2.5 mm, surrounded by stamens or (in some larger flowers) exserted beyond anthers.

Capsules

slender, often reddish purple, 17–40(–55) mm, surfaces subglabrous or with scattered hairs;

pedicel 5–35(–68) mm.

erect or ascending, 15–32 mm, surfaces strigillose and glandular puberulent or glabrous;

pedicel 1–17 mm.

Seeds

narrowly obovoid, 0.7–1.4 × 0.3–0.5 mm, inconspicuous chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm wide, light brown, surface reticulate (smooth);

coma persistent, dull white, 2–4 mm.

obovoid to broadly obovoid, with constriction 0.3–0.7 mm from micropylar end, 1.5–2.7 × 0.8–1.3 mm, chalazal collar inconspicuous, brown or gray, often flecked with darker spots, surface low papillose;

coma easily detached, white to dingy white, 5–10 mm.

2n

= 36.

= 24.

Epilobium anagallidifolium

Epilobium brachycarpum

Phenology Flowering Jun–Sep. Flowering Jun–Sep.
Habitat Moist flats, stream banks, subarctic coastal marsh edges, high montane and alpine meadows and seeps. Open, dry or seasonally moist, often disturbed ground in open woods, meadows, prairies, roadsides and stream banks.
Elevation 0–4500 m. [0–14800 ft.] 0–3000 m. [0–9800 ft.]
Distribution
from FNA
AK; CA; CO; ID; ME; MT; NH; NV; OR; UT; WA; WY; AB; BC; NL; NT; NU; QC; YT; Greenland; Eurasia
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AZ; CA; CO; ID; KY; MT; ND; NM; NV; OR; SD; UT; WA; WI; WY; AB; BC; MB; ON; QC; SK [Introduced in South America (Argentina), Europe (Germany, Spain)]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Epilobium anagallidifolium is widely but sparsely distributed in high montane-alpine and subarctic Eurasia, including Europe, Russia, China, and Japan.

Epilobium anagallidifolium usually forms low clumps or mats, with stems nodding in bud and usually subglabrous below the inflorescence. Many collections of E. anagallidifolium from eastern Canada and Greenland tend to be unusually tall (to 25 cm) and robust for the species, with somewhat larger, thicker leaves, and longer pedicels (to 60 mm). Similarly large and robust specimens occur scattered in Yukon and Washington, and may result from occasional hybridization and introgression with sympatric species such as E. hornemannii or E. lactiflorum, which also have the CC chromosomal arrangement. In an analysis of Fennoscandian populations of the Alpinae group, I. Kytövuori (1972) found a similar pattern of mostly smaller, sigmoidal plants of E. anagallidifolium with a small proportion of larger ones, and he also suggested the possibility of hybridization and/or introgression.

Plants of Epilobium anagallidifolium, and indeed of the whole Alpinae group, from Haida Gwaii (the Queen Charlotte Islands) of British Columbia (J. A. Calder and R. L. Taylor 1968), are particularly distinctive compared to those on the mainland, and difficult to interpret. The observed differences may be the result of hybridization with other sympatric species or a response to unique ecological conditions on the islands, reinforced by relative isolation from mainland British Columbia.

The Linnaean name Epilobium alpinum has long been a source of nomenclatural confusion and instability, since it circumscribed at least four distinct species, especially E. anagallidifolium. A proposal by P. C. Hoch et al. (1995) to permanently reject the name E. alpinum Linnaeus was approved.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

The presence of Epilobium brachycarpum in Kentucky and Wisconsin is in railroad yards, so possibly ephemeral. This species occurs as an adventive in Argentina, possibly by natural long-distance dispersal (J. C. Solomon 1982), and in Spain (J. Izco 1983) and Germany (T. Gregor et al. 2013), probably from human introduction, since it frequently occurs as a weed on margins of cultivated fields (L. H. Shinners 1941).

Most populations of this self-compatible species have small autogamous flowers, but some populations with larger outcrossing flowers that exhibit marked protandry and herkogamy are pollinated by bees, butterflies, and occasionally hummingbirds.

Mature plants of Epilobium brachycarpum sometimes have only alternate or fasciculate leaves. However, seedlings always have opposite leaves in first pairs, but these are often deciduous.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Xerolobium
Sibling taxa
E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
Synonyms E. alpinum, E. pseudoscaposum E. adenocladum, E. altissimum, E. apricum, E. fasciculatum, E. hammondii, E. jucundum, E. jucundum var. viridifolium, E. laevicaule, E. paniculatum, E. paniculatum var. hammondii, E. paniculatum var. jucundum, E. paniculatum var. laevicaule, E. paniculatum var. subulatum, E. paniculatum var. tracyi, E. subulatum, E. tracyi
Name authority Lamarck in J. Lamarck et al.: Encycl. 2: 376. (1786) C. Presl: Reliq. Haenk. 2: 30. (1831)
Source FNA vol. 10. Treatment author: Peter C. Hoch. FNA vol. 10. Treatment author: Peter C. Hoch.
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