Ephedra torreyana |
Ephedra |
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Mormon-tea, Torrey's Ephedra, Torrey's joint fir |
cañatilla, Ephedra, joint-fir, Mormon-tea, popotillo, tepopote |
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Habit | Shrubs erect, 0.25–1 m. Bark gray, cracked and irregularly fissured. | Shrubs or occasionally clambering vines. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Branches | alternate or whorled, rigid, angle of divergence about 45°. |
jointed, yellowish green to olive-green when young. |
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Twigs | blue-green, becoming gray with age, glaucous, with numerous very fine longitudinal grooves; internodes 2–5 cm. |
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Leaves | in whorls of 3, 2–5 mm, connate to 2/3 their length; bases becoming gray and shredded with age; apex acute. |
opposite or in whorls of 3, apex obtuse to setaceous from an adaxial-median thickening. |
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Pollen cones | 1–4 at node, ovoid, 6–8 mm, sessile; bracts in 6–9 whorls of 3, cream to pale yellow, ovate, slightly clawed, 2–4 × 2–4 mm, membranous; bracteoles slightly exceeding bracts; sporangiophores 2–4 mm, exserted to 1/2 their length, with 5–8 sessile to short-stalked microsporangia. |
lanceoloid or ellipsoid to ovoid or obovoid. |
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Seed(s) | cones 1–several at node, ovoid, 9–15 mm, sessile; bracts in 5 or 6 whorls of 3, obovate, 6–9 × 6–10 mm, papery, translucent with orange-yellow to greenish yellow center and base, base clawed, margins minutely dentate, undulate. |
cones ellipsoid to ovoid, obovoid, or nearly globose. |
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Terminal | buds conic, less than 4 mm. |
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x | = 7. |
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Ephedra torreyana |
Ephedra |
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Phenology | Coning spring. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Dry rocky to sandy areas | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 500–2000 m (1600–6600 ft) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
AZ; CO; NM; NV; TX; UT; Mexico in Chihuahua
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Mexico; Generally dry areas in temperate; tropical North America and Mediterranean regions; South America (Ecuador to Patagonia and lowland Argentina); s Europe; Asia; n Africa (including Canary Islands) |
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Discussion | Ephedra torreyana is known to form hybrids with two other species of Ephedra as reported and described by H. C. Cutler (1939). The first of these is E. × intermixta Cutler, the hybrid between E. torreyana and E. trifurca. This hybrid occurs in a small area of southwestern New Mexico (near Engle, Sierra County) within the zone of sympatry of the two parental species; it may be fertile (mature seeds are formed). It is intermediate in most characters but can be identified by its combination of the spinelike terminal buds of E. trifurca and the scabrous, light yellow seeds of E. torreyana. The second hybrid is Ephedra × arenicola Cutler, the hybrid between E. torreyana and E. cutleri. This hybrid is known only from the type locality in extreme northeastern Arizona (near Dennehotso, Apache County) in an area of sympatry of the parental species. This hybrid is intermediate in most characters, but it can be distinguished by its combination of the setaceous leaves, viscid stems, and long-pedunculate seed cones of E. cutleri with the persistent, whorled leaves of E. torreyana. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
The species of Ephedra are presented here in alphabetical order for three reasons. First, no modern monographic treatment has been written for all species of the genus since that of O. Stapf (1889). Second, it appears that the species occurring in North America belong to at least three wholly different groups within the genus, but this is not yet supported by thorough systematic studies. Third, interspecific relationships within any putative infrageneric group occurring in North America are at best vague and ill defined. The North American species of Ephedra are well defined based on combinations of vegetative and reproductive characters. Putative hybrids reported and described by H. C. Cutler (1939) appear to be products of singular events; these hybrids are discussed under the parental species. Infraspecific taxa are not recognized in this treatment because there appear to be no consistent defining characters and no geographic correlations; previous recognition of infraspecific taxa (H. C. Cutler 1939) appears to be based on random variability. Species ca. 60 (12 in the flora). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 2. | FNA vol. 2. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Ephedraceae > Ephedra | Ephedraceae | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Name authority | S. Watson: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 14: 299. (1879) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 1040. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 462, (1754) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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