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common eastern wild-rye, Virginia wild rye, élyme de virginie

Southwestern wildrye

Habit Plants cespitose, not rhizomatous, sometimes glaucous, especially in the spikes. Plants cespitose, not rhizomatous, usually glaucous.
Culms

30-130 cm, erect to slightly decumbent;

nodes 4-9, concealed or exposed, usually glabrous, rarely pubescent.

usually (40)60-100(120) cm, erect or the bases somewhat decumbent;

nodes 4-8, usually exposed, glabrous.

Leaves

evenly distributed;

sheaths usually glabrous, rarely hirsute, occasionally reddish or purplish;

auricles absent or to 1.8 mm, pale brown;

ligules shorter than 1 mm;

blades 2-14(18) mm wide, usually spreading or lax, sometimes becoming involute, basal blades similar to the upper blades, adaxial surfaces usually smooth, sometimes scabridulous, usually glabrous, occasionally pubescent.

evenly distributed;

sheaths usually glabrous, occasionally hirsute;

auricles 0-2 mm, pale or reddish brown;

ligules to 1 mm;

blades 3-9 mm wide, lax, pale green, adaxial surfaces densely short-pilose, hispidulous, or scabridulous, especially on the veins.

Spikes

(3)4-16(22) cm long, 1-2.2(2.5) cm wide, erect, the bases often sheathed, with 2 spikelets per node, rarely with 3 at some nodes;

internodes 3-5 mm long, 0.25-0.5 thick at the thinnest sections, smooth and glabrous, or scabrous, or with hairs beneath the spikelets.

5-20 cm long, 2-5 cm wide, erect to slightly nodding, with 2 spikelets per node;

internodes (5)8-14 mm long, 0.2-0.3 mm thick at the thinnest sections, without pronounced dorsal angles, often with green lateral bands, glabrous beneath the spikelets.

Spikelets

10-15 mm, appressed to slightly divergent, with (2)3-4(6) florets, lowest florets functional;

disarticulation below the glumes and each floret, or the lowest floret falling with the glumes.

(6)9-15(22) mm, somewhat to strongly divergent, with 2-5 florets, lowest florets functional;

disarticulation above the glumes and beneath each floret.

Glumes

subequal or equal, the basal 1-4 mm terete, indurate, without evident venation, bowed out, yellowish, glume bodies 7-15 mm long, (0.5)0.7-2.3 mm wide, linear-lanceolate, widening above the base, 3-5(8)-veined, usually smooth or scabridulous, margins firm, awns 3-10(15) mm, straight;

lemmas 6-10 mm, scabridulous, glabrous or villous-hirsute, awns (5)8-20(25) mm, straight;

paleas 5-9 mm, obtuse;

anthers 2-3.5(4) mm.

subequal, 15-30 mm including the weakly differentiated awns, the basal 0-1 mm subterete and indurate, glume bodies, when distinguishable, about 6-10 mm long, (0.2)0.3-0.5(0.7) mm wide, linear-setiform to setaceous, entire, widening or parallel-sided above the base, 1-3-veined, glabrous or scabridulous, margins firm, awns straight or flexuous;

lemmas 7-10 mm, smooth or scabridulous, occasionally hirtellous especially near the margins, awns 15-22 mm, straight to moderately outcurving;

paleas 6-9 mm, obtuse or narrowly truncate, sometimes emarginate;

anthers 2-4.5 mm.

Anthesis

usually mid-June to late July (mid-August).

May to July.

2n

= 28.

= 28.

Elymus virginicus

Elymus interruptus

Distribution
from FNA
AL; AR; AZ; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; VT; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; LB; MB; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC; SK
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AZ; CA; NM; TX
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Elymus virginicus is widespread in temperate North America, growing as far west as British Columbia and Arizona. It is infrequent to rare in the Rocky Mountains, western Great Plains, and southeastern coastal plain. It is a complex species, divided here into four intergrading varieties.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Elymus interruptus grows in dry to moist, rocky soil, often in canyons, open woods, and thickets, in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Apparent intermediates between E. interruptus and E. canadensis (p. 303) have been collected north of the documented range of typical E. interruptus in Arizona, New Mexico, and Iowa. Plants in the Ozark and Ouachita mountains, especially in Arkansas, that were previously referred to E. interruptus are now included in E. churchii (p. 314).

Elymus interruptus is a poorly understood southern species that, at one extreme, used to be included in E. canadensis or, at the other extreme, used to include E. churchii, E. svensonii (p. 314), and E. diversiglumis (p. 316), three species that seem more closely allied to E. hystrix (p. 316). Campbell (2002) suggested E. interruptus may have arisen from the introgression of E. hystrix or a related species into E. canadensis var. brachystachys. Artificial crosses between E. hystrix and E. canadensis were generally unsuccessful, but yielded some plants resembling E. interruptus (Church 1954). Elymus interruptus has been crossed with E. canadensis, E. hystrix, E. svensonii, E. virginicus (p. 298), E. glabriflorus (p. 296) and E. diversiglumis; only the hybrids with E. diversiglumis were completely sterile (Church 1954, 1967a; Brown and Pratt 1960).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Spikelets hispidulous to villous-hirsute, usually glaucous; anthesis usually in early July to mid-August
var. intermedius
1. Spikelets usually glabrous or scabrous, glaucous or not; anthesis usually in mid-June to late July.
→ 2
2. Spikes partly sheathed; glumes 1-2.3 mm wide, strongly indurate and bowed out in the basal 2-4 mm; plants not glaucous, becoming yellowish brown or occasionally somewhat purplish at maturity
var. virginicus
2. Spikes exserted; glumes (0.5)0.7-1.5(1.8) mm wide, moderately indurate and bowed out in the basal 1-2 mm; plants usually glaucous, becoming yellowish or reddish brown at maturity.
→ 3
3. Culms usually 70-100 cm tall, with 6-8 nodes; blades 3-15 mm wide, flat; spikes 4-20 cm long, not strongly glaucous; glumes indurate only in the basal 1 mm
var. jejunus
3. Culms usually 30-80 cm tall, with 4-6 nodes; blades 2-9 mm wide, often becoming involute; spikes 3.5-11 cm long, often strongly glaucous; glumes usually indurate in the basal 1-2 mm
balophilus
Source FNA vol. 24, p. 298. FNA vol. 24, p. 306.
Parent taxa Poaceae > subfam. Pooideae > tribe Triticeae > Elymus Poaceae > subfam. Pooideae > tribe Triticeae > Elymus
Sibling taxa
E. alaskanus, E. albicans, E. arizonicus, E. bakeri, E. canadensis, E. caninus, E. churchii, E. ciliaris, E. curvatus, E. dahuricus, E. diversiglumis, E. elymoides, E. glabriflorus, E. glaucus, E. hirsutus, E. hoffmannii, E. hystrix, E. interruptus, E. lanceolatus, E. macgregorii, E. macrourus, E. multisetus, E. pringlei, E. repens, E. riparius, E. scribneri, E. semicostatus, E. sibiricus, E. sierrae, E. stebbinsii, E. svensonii, E. texensis, E. trachycaulus, E. tsukushiensis, E. villosus, E. violaceus, E. wawawaiensis, E. wiegandii, E. ×cayouetteorum, E. ×ebingeri, E. ×hansenii, E. ×palmerensis, E. ×pinalenoensis, E. ×pseudorepens, E. ×saundersii, E. ×yukonensis
E. alaskanus, E. albicans, E. arizonicus, E. bakeri, E. canadensis, E. caninus, E. churchii, E. ciliaris, E. curvatus, E. dahuricus, E. diversiglumis, E. elymoides, E. glabriflorus, E. glaucus, E. hirsutus, E. hoffmannii, E. hystrix, E. lanceolatus, E. macgregorii, E. macrourus, E. multisetus, E. pringlei, E. repens, E. riparius, E. scribneri, E. semicostatus, E. sibiricus, E. sierrae, E. stebbinsii, E. svensonii, E. texensis, E. trachycaulus, E. tsukushiensis, E. villosus, E. violaceus, E. virginicus, E. wawawaiensis, E. wiegandii, E. ×cayouetteorum, E. ×ebingeri, E. ×hansenii, E. ×palmerensis, E. ×pinalenoensis, E. ×pseudorepens, E. ×saundersii, E. ×yukonensis
Subordinate taxa
E. virginicus var. intermedius, E. virginicus var. jejunus, E. virginicus var. virginicus, balophilus
Synonyms E. canadensis var. interruptus
Name authority L. Buckley
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