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streambank wheatgrass, streamside wild rye, thick-spike wildrye, thickspike wheatgrass

tsukushi wildrye

Habit Plants strongly rhizomatous, sometimes glaucous. Plants loosely cespitose, without conspicuous rhizomes.
Culms

22-130 cm, erect;

nodes glabrous.

25-100 cm tall, 1.3-3.5 mm thick, erect;

nodes 4-6, glabrous.

Leaves

often mostly basal, sometimes more evenly distributed;

sheaths glabrous or pubescent;

auricles usually present on the lower leaves, 0.5-1.5 mm;

ligules 0.1-0.5 mm, erose, sometimes ciliolate;

blades 1.5-6 mm wide, generally involute, abaxial surfaces usually glabrous, adaxial surfaces strigose, ribs subequal in size and spacing.

basal and cauline;

sheaths glaucous, glabrous or with hairs, margins glabrous or ciliate distally;

auricles 1-2 mm;

ligules 0.2-0.7 mm, truncate;

blades 3-10 mm wide, flattish, often glaucous.

Spikes

3.5-26 cm long, 0.5-1 cm wide, erect to slightly nodding, usually with 1 spikelet per node, sometimes with 2 at a few nodes;

internodes 3.5-15 mm long, 0.1-0.8 mm wide, glabrous or hairy.

(6.5)10-25 cm long, 1.4-4 cm wide including the awns, 0.7-20 cm wide excluding the awns, flexuous, nodding;

rachises densely to sparsely hirsute on the edges, hairs about 0.2 mm, glabrous elsewhere, glaucous;

internodes (5)8-20 mm.

Spikelets

8-31 mm, 1.5-3 times longer than the internodes, appressed, with 3-11 florets;

rachillas glabrous or hairy, hairs to 1 mm;

disarticulation above the glumes, beneath each floret.

15-25 mm, loosely appressed or ascending, with 5-10 florets;

rachillas hairy, hairs about 0.1 mm;

disarticulation above the glumes, beneath the florets.

Glumes

subequal, 5-14 mm long, 1/2 - 3/4 the length of the adjacent lemmas, 0.7-1.3 mm wide, lanceolate, glabrous or hairy, smooth or scabrous, 3-5-veined, flat or weakly, often asymmetrically keeled, keels straight, margins narrow, tapering from the base or from beyond midlength, apices acute to acuminate, sometimes mucronate or shortly awned;

lemmas 7-12 mm, glabrous or hairy, hairs all alike, sometimes scabrous, acute to awn-tipped, awns to 2 mm, straight;

paleas about equal to the lemmas, keels straight below the apices, smooth or scabrous proximally, sometimes hairy, scabrous distally, intercostal region glabrous or with hairs, apices 0.2-0.3 mm wide;

anthers (2.5)3-6 mm.

lanceolate, tapering from about midlength, adaxial surfaces glabrous, hyaline margins about 0.1 mm wide, strongly keeled distally, midvein scabrous distally, other veins smooth or scabrous, apices acute to acuminate, sometimes awned, awns 2-5 mm;

lower glumes 4-7 mm, 3-5-veined;

upper glumes 5-8 mm, 5-veined;

calluses glabrous;

lemmas 8-12 mm, lanceolate, glabrous or pilose, apices acute, awned, awns 20-40 mm, straight or flexuous;

paleas from slightly shorter than to longer than the lemmas, keels narrowly winged distally, not or scarcely extending beyond the intercostal region, distinctly outwardly curved below the apices, apices 0.3-0.5 mm wide;

anthers 1.5-2.5 mm.

2n

= 28.

= 42.

Elymus lanceolatus

Elymus tsukushiensis

Distribution
from FNA
AK; AZ; CA; CO; ID; IL; MI; MT; ND; NE; NM; NV; OR; SD; WA; WI; WY; AB; BC; MB; ON; SK; YT
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Discussion

Elymus lanceolatus grows in sand and clay soils and dry to mesic habitats. It is found primarily in the western half of the Flora region, between the coastal mountains and 95° W longitude, with the exception of E. lanceolatus subsp. psammophilus, which extends around the Great Lakes. Three subspecies are recognized, primarily on the basis of their lemma and palea pubescence.

Elymus lanceolatus is primarily outcrossing, and hybridizes with several species of Triticeae. Elymus albicans (p. 334) is thought to be derived from hybridization with the awned phase of Pseudoroegneria spicata (p. 281). Judging from specimens of controlled hybrids, hybridization with E. trachycaulus (p. 321) and unawned plants of P. spicata probably occur, but would be almost impossible to detect without careful observation in the field. Experimental hybrids are partially fertile, and capable of backcrossing to either parent (Dewey 1965, 1967, 1968, 1975, 1976).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Elymus tsuskushiensis is native to northeastern China, Japan, and Korea. It was collected from ballast dumps in Portland, Oregon, but is not established in the Flora region. Hitchcock (1951) identified it and E. ciliaris as Agropyron caninum (L.) P. Beauv. [= Elymus caninus, p. 322], but that species has flatter glumes that are longer in relation to the lemmas than those of E. tsuskushiensis, and paleas with straight or slightly outwardly curved keels.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Lemmas densely hairy, hairs flexible, some 1 mm long or longer
subsp. psammophilus
1. Lemmas glabrous or with stiff hairs shorter than 1 mm.
→ 2
2. Lemmas with hairs, not scabrous
subsp. lanceolatus
2. Lemmas smooth, sometimes scabrous distally, mosdy glabrous, sometimes the lemma margins hairy proximally
subsp. riparius
Source FNA vol. 24, p. 327. FNA vol. 24, p. 336.
Parent taxa Poaceae > subfam. Pooideae > tribe Triticeae > Elymus Poaceae > subfam. Pooideae > tribe Triticeae > Elymus
Sibling taxa
E. alaskanus, E. albicans, E. arizonicus, E. bakeri, E. canadensis, E. caninus, E. churchii, E. ciliaris, E. curvatus, E. dahuricus, E. diversiglumis, E. elymoides, E. glabriflorus, E. glaucus, E. hirsutus, E. hoffmannii, E. hystrix, E. interruptus, E. macgregorii, E. macrourus, E. multisetus, E. pringlei, E. repens, E. riparius, E. scribneri, E. semicostatus, E. sibiricus, E. sierrae, E. stebbinsii, E. svensonii, E. texensis, E. trachycaulus, E. tsukushiensis, E. villosus, E. violaceus, E. virginicus, E. wawawaiensis, E. wiegandii, E. ×cayouetteorum, E. ×ebingeri, E. ×hansenii, E. ×palmerensis, E. ×pinalenoensis, E. ×pseudorepens, E. ×saundersii, E. ×yukonensis
E. alaskanus, E. albicans, E. arizonicus, E. bakeri, E. canadensis, E. caninus, E. churchii, E. ciliaris, E. curvatus, E. dahuricus, E. diversiglumis, E. elymoides, E. glabriflorus, E. glaucus, E. hirsutus, E. hoffmannii, E. hystrix, E. interruptus, E. lanceolatus, E. macgregorii, E. macrourus, E. multisetus, E. pringlei, E. repens, E. riparius, E. scribneri, E. semicostatus, E. sibiricus, E. sierrae, E. stebbinsii, E. svensonii, E. texensis, E. trachycaulus, E. villosus, E. violaceus, E. virginicus, E. wawawaiensis, E. wiegandii, E. ×cayouetteorum, E. ×ebingeri, E. ×hansenii, E. ×palmerensis, E. ×pinalenoensis, E. ×pseudorepens, E. ×saundersii, E. ×yukonensis
Subordinate taxa
E. lanceolatus subsp. lanceolatus, E. lanceolatus subsp. psammophilus, E. lanceolatus subsp. riparius
Synonyms Agropyron dasystachyum var. riparium, Agropyron dasystachyum
Name authority (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) Gould Honda
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