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California waterwort

red-stem waterwort, Southwestern waterwort, three-flower waterwort

Habit Herbs, submersed or growing on exposed but wet substrates, 1–5 cm. Herbs, emergent on wet substrates, 1–6(–16) cm.
Stems

decumbent to erect, branched.

ascending or prostrate, branched.

Leaves

light green to green, sometimes becoming reddish in terrestrial plants;

stipules lanceolate, 0.5–0.6 mm, margins dentate, apex acute;

petiole 1–4 mm;

blade obovate to oblanceolate, 4–12(–15) × 1.2–3 mm, base narrowly cuneate, apex acute to obtuse.

reddish green;

stipules lanceolate, 0.5–0.6 mm, margins dentate, apex acute;

petiole 0.5–1(–3) mm;

blade oblong-lanceolate, 3–8 × (0.5–)1–2(–2.2) mm, base attenuate to rounded, apex obtuse to slightly emarginate.

Pedicels

1.5–2.5(–3.5) mm, recurved in fruit.

0–0.5 mm, erect.

Flowers

sepals 4, usually equal, sometimes 1 reduced, oblong-ovate or widely lanceolate, 0.5–0.6 × 0.3–0.4 mm;

petals 4, greenish white, slightly reddish, or pink, elliptic or ovate, 1–1.5 × 0.5–0.6 mm;

stamens 8;

styles 4.

sepals (2–)3, if 2, equal, if 3, 1 smaller, oblong-ovate or widely lanceolate, 1–1.5 × 1–1.5 mm;

petals 3, pinkish white to reddish, elliptic or ovate, 1–1.5 × 0.5 mm;

stamens 3;

styles 3.

Capsules

depressed-ovoid, 4-locular, 1.3–2.5 mm diam.

oblong-ovoid, 3-locular, 1.5–2.5 mm diam.

Seeds

2–5 per locule, oblong to ellipsoid, curved 90–180°, 0.6–1 × 0.2 mm;

pits elliptic, length 1–3 times width, in 6–10 rows, (16–)20–29 per row.

10–20(–30) per locule, narrowly oblong, straight or curved to 15°, 0.5–0.7 × 0.1–0.3 mm;

pits angular-hexagonal, length 1–2 times width, in 8–10 rows, 16–25(–30) per row.

Elatine californica

Elatine rubella

Phenology Flowering summer. Flowering summer.
Habitat Pools, pond shores, rice fields, stream banks. Muddy shores, shallow vernal pools, ditches, rice fields.
Elevation 0–1900(–2600) m. (0–6200(–8500) ft.) 0–2900 m. (0–9500 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AZ; CA; ID; MT; NM; NV; OR; UT; WA; Mexico (Baja California)
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from FNA
AZ; CA; CO; ID; KS; MT; NE; NM; NV; OR; SD; UT; WY
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Discussion

Elatine californica is distinguished from other species of the genus by having long pedicels that are recurved in fruit and strongly curved seeds that can be nearly circular.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Reports of Elatine rubella from southern British Columbia and Washington are based on misidentifications of E. brachysperma and E. chilensis, respectively.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 12, p. 350. FNA vol. 12, p. 352.
Parent taxa Elatinaceae > Elatine Elatinaceae > Elatine
Sibling taxa
E. ambigua, E. americana, E. brachysperma, E. chilensis, E. heterandra, E. minima, E. ojibwayensis, E. rubella, E. triandra
E. ambigua, E. americana, E. brachysperma, E. californica, E. chilensis, E. heterandra, E. minima, E. ojibwayensis, E. triandra
Synonyms E. californica var. williamsii, E. williamsii
Name authority A. Gray: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 13: 361, 364. (1878) Rydberg: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 1: 260. (1900)
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