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California waterwort

waterwort family

Habit Herbs, submersed or growing on exposed but wet substrates, 1–5 cm. Herbs [subshrubs], annual [short-lived perennial], synoecious [polygamous].
Stems

decumbent to erect, branched.

Leaves

light green to green, sometimes becoming reddish in terrestrial plants;

stipules lanceolate, 0.5–0.6 mm, margins dentate, apex acute;

petiole 1–4 mm;

blade obovate to oblanceolate, 4–12(–15) × 1.2–3 mm, base narrowly cuneate, apex acute to obtuse.

opposite [whorled], simple;

stipules present;

petiole present or absent;

blade margins entire or serrulate;

venation pinnate.

Inflorescences

axillary, usually cymes or flowers solitary, sometimes 2[–3]-flowered clusters.

Pedicels

1.5–2.5(–3.5) mm, recurved in fruit.

Flowers

sepals 4, usually equal, sometimes 1 reduced, oblong-ovate or widely lanceolate, 0.5–0.6 × 0.3–0.4 mm;

petals 4, greenish white, slightly reddish, or pink, elliptic or ovate, 1–1.5 × 0.5–0.6 mm;

stamens 8;

styles 4.

bisexual [pistillate];

perianth and androecium hypogynous;

hypanthium absent;

sepals 2–5, distinct or connate basally;

petals (0 or) 2–5, distinct;

nectary absent;

stamens [0–]1–10, distinct, free;

anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits;

pistil 1, 2–5-carpellate, ovary superior, 2–5-locular, placentation axile;

ovules 2–33[–44] per locule, anatropous;

styles 2–5, distinct;

stigmas 2–5, capitate.

Fruits

capsules, dehiscence septicidal or irregular.

Capsules

depressed-ovoid, 4-locular, 1.3–2.5 mm diam.

Seeds

2–5 per locule, oblong to ellipsoid, curved 90–180°, 0.6–1 × 0.2 mm;

pits elliptic, length 1–3 times width, in 6–10 rows, (16–)20–29 per row.

2–33[–44] per locule.

Elatine californica

Elatinaceae

Phenology Flowering summer.
Habitat Pools, pond shores, rice fields, stream banks.
Elevation 0–1900(–2600) m. (0–6200(–8500) ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AZ; CA; ID; MT; NM; NV; OR; UT; WA; Mexico (Baja California)
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Nearly worldwide in temperate and tropical regions
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Elatine californica is distinguished from other species of the genus by having long pedicels that are recurved in fruit and strongly curved seeds that can be nearly circular.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Genera 2, species ca. 50 (2 genera, 11 species in the flora).

The affinities of Elatinaceae have long been uncertain; relationships with Caryophyllaceae and Clusiaceae have been proposed (G. C. Tucker 1986). Recent molecular work, combined with a review of morphology, indicates a sister relationship with Malpighiaceae (C. C. Davis and M. W. Chase 2004; K. Wurdack and Davis 2009).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Sepals 5, carinate; petals 5; inflorescences usually cymes, rarely solitary flowers, pedicels present; plants glandular-pubescent; stems solid or pithy.
Bergia
1. Sepals 2–4, not carinate; petals (0 or) 2–4; inflorescences solitary flowers, pedicels present or absent, or if flowers 2 per node (E. chilensis) then pedicels absent; plants glabrous; stems with longitudinal air spaces.
Elatine
Source FNA vol. 12, p. 350. FNA vol. 12, p. 348. Author: Gordon C. Tucker.
Parent taxa Elatinaceae > Elatine
Sibling taxa
E. ambigua, E. americana, E. brachysperma, E. chilensis, E. heterandra, E. minima, E. ojibwayensis, E. rubella, E. triandra
Subordinate taxa
Bergia, Elatine
Synonyms E. californica var. williamsii, E. williamsii
Name authority A. Gray: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 13: 361, 364. (1878) Dumortier
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