Echinacea
purple coneflower
erect, unbranched or ± branched (glabrous or hairy, hairs appressed, ascending, or spreading, uniseriate).
basal and cauline; alternate;
petiolate (at least basal and proximal cauline, petioles progressively shorter distally);
blades (1-, 3-, or 5-nerved) linear to lanceolate or elliptic to ovate (distal smaller), bases mostly attenuate (decurrent on petioles) to cuneate, sometimes rounded or cordate, margins usually entire, sometimes dentate or serrate, faces usually hairy (hairs uniseriate, usually with 1–4 rings of cells surrounding bases), sometimes glabrate or glabrous.
crateriform to hemispheric, 12–40 mm diam.
hemispheric to conic, paleate (paleae orange to reddish purple distally, surpassing disc corollas, bases partially surrounding cypselae, bodies keeled, apices abruptly constricted to awnlike tips; discs 10–45 × 15–40 mm).
8–21, neuter;
corollas dark purple to pale pink, white, or yellow (tubes glabrous or sparsely hairy, laminae spreading, reflexed, or drooping, linear to elliptic or obovate, abaxial faces glabrous or moderately hairy).
200–300+, bisexual, fertile;
corollas pinkish, greenish, reddish purple, or yellow, tubes shorter than throats (often sparsely hairy), lobes 5 (erect or spreading to recurved), triangular (pollen usually yellow, usually white in E. pallida).
persistent, 15–50 in 2–4 series (spreading, recurved, or reflexed, linear or lanceolate to ovate, subequal to unequal, mostly herbaceous, apices mostly attenuate, abaxial faces usually hairy, sometimes glabrate or glabrous).
radiate, borne singly (on relatively long peduncles).
(tan or bicolored with dark brown band distally) 3- or 4-angled (faces smooth to finely tuberculate, glabrous or sparsely hairy);
pappi persistent, ± coroniform (with 0–4 ± prominent teeth).
= 11.
Echinacea
Species 9 (9 in the flora).
In keys and descriptions, “discs” refers to receptacles at late flowering with paleae and florets included in assessing shapes and in measurements of lengths and diameters.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
1. Basal leaves: blades (1–)5–12 cm wide, bases rounded to cordate (plants fibrous rooted) | E. purpurea |
1. Basal leaves: blades 0.5–4(–6.5) cm wide, bases usually cuneate to attenuate, sometimes rounded (E. laevigata) (plants taprooted) | → 2 |
2. Herbage (stems and leaves) glabrate (and glaucous); basal leaf blades 3–6.5 cm wide, margins usually serrate or dentate | E. laevigata |
2. Herbage usually sparsely to densely hairy, rarely glabrous; basal leaf blades 0.5–4 cm wide, margins usually entire | → 3 |
3. Hairs (stems, leaves, and peduncles) appressed to ascending | → 4 |
3. Hairs (stems, leaves, and peduncles) spreading | → 6 |
4. Rays yellow; s, c Missouri, n Arkansas (Ozark region) | E. paradoxa |
4. Rays pale pink, dark pink, purple, or white; Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas | → 5 |
5. Ray laminae 19–35 mm; ray cypselae glabrous distally; e Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas | E. atrorubens |
5. Ray laminae 30–70 mm; ray cypselae hairy distally (at least on angles); s, c Oklahoma (Arbuckle Mountain region) | E. paradoxa |
6. Ray laminae 15–40 mm | → 7 |
6. Ray laminae 40–90 mm | → 8 |
7. Discs 20–35 mm diam. (herbage induments relatively harsh); widespread, plains,w North America | E. angustifolia |
7. Discs 15–25 mm diam. (herbage induments relatively soft); c Tennessee | E. tennesseensis |
8. Discs subspheric, 15–30 × 20–30 mm; paleae 8–11 mm, tips purple, rounded (sw Arkansas, w Louisiana, se Oklahoma, e Texas) | E. sanguinea |
8. Discs conic to hemispheric, 20–40 × 20–37 mm; paleae 9–14 mm, tips pinkish to purple, sharp-pointed | → 9 |
9. Ray corollas pink to reddish purple, 3–4 mm wide; pollen usually white, sometimes lemon yellow; cypselae glabrous | E. pallida |
9. Ray corollas rose to pink or white, 4–7 mm wide; pollen yellow; cypselae (rays) hairy (n Arkansas, se Missouri, eastward) | E. simulata |
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