Dryas hookeriana |
Dryas |
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Hooker's mountain-avens, mountain avens, white dryas, White Mountain-avens |
dryad, dryade, dryas, mountain-avens |
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Habit | Plants 1.5–9 cm. | Shrubs, tufted or matted, scapose, 0.1–2.3 dm; caudices relatively long, woody. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stems | 3+, branched, rooting freely; bark green in 1st year, reddish to brown in 2d year, often appearing blackish, peeling; short and long shoots absent; stoloniferous branches horizontal, relatively short, glabrous. |
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Leaves | blades usually oblong-elliptic to lanceolate, sometimes ovate, 4–16(–25) × 1–6(–10) mm, base usually truncate or cordate, sometimes cuneate, margins strongly revolute to flat, coarsely dentate or serrate, sinuses 5–25(–30)% to midvein, apex acute to obtuse, surfaces smooth to slightly plicate, only midvein ± obscured adaxially within medial fold, abaxial tomentose to woolly (obscuring lateral veins), adaxial usually glabrous, sometimes sparsely hairy proximally on midvein, feathery hairs usually absent, rarely 1+ on midveins abaxially, midveins and petioles abaxially stipitate-glandular. |
persistent, simple or (in D. drummondii) basal leaflets 1(–2); stipules persistent, narrowly lanceolate, margins usually entire, sometimes 1–2-toothed; petiole present; blade elliptic, lanceolate, linear, oblong, oblong-elliptic, obovate, oval, or ovate, 0.2–3.9(–4.6) cm, smooth to rugose or plicate, margins usually flat, sometimes revolute, crenate, dentate, serrate, or entire, abaxial surface tomentose or woolly, adaxial usually glabrous, sometimes tomentose or sparsely hairy on proximal portion of midvein. |
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Inflorescences | terminal, flowers solitary; bracts absent; bracteoles absent. |
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Peduncles | 10–30 mm. |
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Pedicels | present. |
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Flowers | erect at flowering; sepals lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 4–10 × 0.6–1.5 mm; petals 8, spreading, usually white or cream, sometimes yellow, 9–14 × 5–11 mm; filaments glabrous. |
13–29 mm diam.; hypanthium saucer-shaped, 3–15 mm, exterior villous, stipitate-glandular; sepals 8–10, ascending to spreading, linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, elliptic, or ovate; petals 8–10(–12), deciduous or persistent, usually white or cream, sometimes yellow, ovate to obovate, oblanceolate, or ovoid; stamens 50–130, shorter than petals; torus hemispheric; carpels 60–150, sessile, stigmas lateral. |
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Fruits | aggregated achenes, 20–40, linear to lanceolate, 0.8–3.5 mm, smooth with many short white hairs; hypanthium persistent; sepals persistent, erect-ascending. |
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Achenes | 2.5–3 mm; styles 11–25 mm. |
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x | = 9. |
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2n | = 18. |
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Dryas hookeriana |
Dryas |
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Phenology | Flowering Jun–Aug. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Alpine meadows, dry rocky slopes and ridges, alpine tundra | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 1500–3900 m (4900–12800 ft) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
AK; CO; ID; MT; OR; UT; WA; WY; AB; BC; NT
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North America; Eurasia; arctic; boreal; and alpine regions |
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Discussion | In some states and provinces, the distribution of Dryas hookeriana is restricted to northwestern and central Colorado, southeastern and northernmost Idaho, western and central Montana, northeastern Utah (Uinta and Wasatch mountains), eastern Oregon and Washington, southwestern and central Wyoming, and western Northwest Territories. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Species 15 (7 in the flora). Hybridization is common in Dryas (E. Hultén 1959b), often rendering specimen identification difficult when based on morphological features. Molecular evidence indicates that there are multiple morphologically similar species within the broad concept of D. octopetala (R. Elven et al., unpubl.). A study of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers found D. drummondii to be sister to all other species of the genus (I. Skrede et al. 2006). The taxonomy in the present treatment is based on that in the Pan-arctic Flora (R. Elven et al., http://nhm2.uio.no/paf/) and reflects the findings by Skrede et al. that AFLP markers support various proposals of B. A. Jurtzev (1984) and refute some of those by Hultén. Species of Dryas are among the important components of arctic and alpine tundra in terms of biomass (I. Skrede et al. 2006) and cover. Dryas has been placed in Dryadeae, which comprises four (Frankia association) actinorhizal genera, also including Cercocarpus, Chamaebatia, and Purshia (D. Potter et al. 2007). Dryas octopetala in the broad sense is characteristically a pioneer (T. T. Elkington 1971); it forms ectomycorrhizal associations with Hebeloma alpinum (J. Favre) Bruchet (Cortinariaceae, Agaricales), Cenococcum geophilum Fries (Ascomycetae, familial relationship unknown), and other fungi (M. Gardes and A. Dahlberg 1996). Nitrogen fixation occurs in root nodules of D. drummondii, D. integrifolia, and D. octopetala (in the broad sense) (D. B. Lawrence et al. 1967). The authors have observed root nodules on D. ajanensis subsp. beringensis. Soils in primary successional environments with D. drummondii have higher nitrogen and phosphorus, which facilitates growth of spruce seedlings (F. S. Chapin III et al. 1994). In late successional stages, D. drummondii is inhibited by alders by shading and from (possible) allelopathic effects (Chapin et al.). In the key and descriptions below, feathery hairs, referred to by some authors as “octopetala scales,” consist of relatively thick brown axes bearing delicate white hairs, appearing featherlike (E. Hultén 1959b). The brown 'axes' of Hultén are analogous to a feather rachis. Such hairs may be absent from rare individuals in species that normally have them. Normally glandular species may include rare eglandular individuals. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 9, p. 329. | FNA vol. 9, p. 326. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Rosaceae > subfam. Dryadoideae > tribe Dryadeae > Dryas | Rosaceae > subfam. Dryadoideae > tribe Dryadeae | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Synonyms | D. octopetala var. angustifolia, D. octopetala subsp. hookeriana, D. octopetala var. hookeriana | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Name authority | Juzepczuk: Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada S.S.S.R. 28: 325. (1929) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 501. (1753): Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 220. (1754) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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