Diplacus johnstonii |
Phrymaceae |
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Johnston's monkeyflower |
lop-seed family, monkeyflower family |
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Habit | Herbs, annual. | Herbs, subshrubs, or shrubs, annual or perennial, aquatic or terrestrial, sometimes fleshy, autotrophic. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stems | erect, (10–)30–200(–300) mm, densely glandular-puberulent. |
erect or ascending to prostrate, 4-angled, sometimes winged. |
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Leaves | basal and cauline, gradually reduced distally; petiole absent, bases of larger leaves often with petiole-like extensions; blade obovate or oblanceolate, sometimes elliptic, (4.5–)7–25(–32) × 2–12(–15) mm, margins entire, plane, apex rounded to acute, surfaces densely glandular-puberulent. |
deciduous or persistent, basal and cauline or all cauline, rarely subrosulate or rosulate (Erythranthe), opposite, or alternate distally, simple; stipules absent; petiole present or absent; blade fleshy, semi-fleshy, or not, not leathery, margins entire or toothed. |
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Inflorescences | terminal and axillary racemes or flowers solitary (Glossostigma, some Erythranthe, some annual plants); flowers erect to nodding or strongly reflexed and appressed to inflorescence axis (Phryma). |
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Pedicels | 1–4(–5) mm in fruit. |
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Flowers | 2 per node, or 1 or 2 per node on 1 plant, chasmogamous. |
bisexual, perianth and androecium hypogynous; sepals (3 or)4 or 5, proximally connate, calyx radially or bilaterally symmetric; petals 3–5, proximally connate, corolla bilaterally symmetric, rarely nearly radially in reduced forms, strongly to weakly bilabiate, rarely nearly regular, salverform to tubular-funnelform, funnelform, campanulate, or compressed; stamens (2–)4, adnate to corolla, didynamous [both pairs of equal length in autogamous forms], staminode 0; pistil 1, 2-carpellate, ovary superior, (1 or)2-locular, placentation axile, basal (Phryma), or parietal (Diplacus, Mimetanthe); ovules anatropous or orthotropous (Phryma), unitegmic, tenuinucellate; style 1; stigma 1, 2-lobed. |
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Styles | densely glandular-puberulent distally. |
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Corollas | magenta, darker and more reddish in throat and, often, along narrow radiating lines extending from throat onto midveins of lobes, throat usually with a large dark spot on each side of mouth on lateral walls, palate ridges and throat floor yellow with reddish spots, tube-throat 9–15 mm, limb 10–15 mm diam., not bilabiate. |
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Calyces | symmetrically attached to pedicels, not inflated in fruit, (6–)7–11 mm, glandular-puberulent, lobes unequal, apex acute to acuminate, ribs inconspicuous, intercostal areas reddish. |
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Fruits | capsules, dehiscence loculicidal [septicidal or irregular], or achenes [berry]. |
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Capsules | 7–12 mm. |
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Seeds | 1–2000, yellowish brown or brown, narrowly ellipsoid, slightly flattened bilaterally; embryo straight, endosperm sparse. |
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Anthers | included, glabrous. |
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Stigmas | exserted or at opening of corolla tube-throat, lobes equal. |
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2n | = 16. |
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Diplacus johnstonii |
Phrymaceae |
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Phenology | Flowering May–Aug. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Steep, unstable scree slides, talus slopes, gravel slides, cracks in granite cliffs, ridges, washes, steep sand and gravel slopes, canyon bottoms, gravelly road banks, recent burns, desert scrub, chaparral, juniper, pinyon-juniper, lodgepole pine, yellow pine, Jeffrey pine, and Jeffrey pine-western white pine-fir woodlands. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elevation | (1000–)1300–2900 m. ((3300–)4300–9500 ft.) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
CA
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North America; Mexico; Central America; w South America (primarily Andean); s Asia (India); se Asia; e Africa; Indian Ocean Islands (Madagascar); Pacific Islands (New Zealand); Australia [Introduced in Europe, s Africa] |
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Discussion | Populations of Diplacus johnstonii occur in Los Angeles, Riverside, San Bernardino, Santa Barbara, and Ventura counties. The populations in northwestern Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, and Ventura counties were noted by D. M. Thompson (2005) to be intermediate between D. constrictus and D. johnstonii. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Genera 13, species ca. 200 (6 genera, 139 species in the flora). Over one half of the species in Phrymaceae are members of Diplacus and Erythranthe and together include over 160 species; all other genera each have seven or fewer species. Until recently, Phrymaceae consisted only of Phryma leptostachya, a taxonomically isolated species of eastern North America and eastern Asia. Molecular studies have established a relationship not with the Verbenaceae, as was earlier postulated (see H. L. Whipple 1972; R. Venkata Ramana et al. 2000), but rather with Mimulus and other genera, suggesting that Phrymaceae should be enlarged. The sequence of genera in Phrymaceae here follows the phylogeny proposed by P. M. Beardsley and R. G. Olmstead (2002). One of the major lineages of Phrymaceae is primarily a Southern Hemisphere group ranging from Australia and New Zealand to southeastern and south Asia (India), Madagascar, and South Africa. Mimulus in the narrow sense, including the two endemic North American species, is part of this group, which includes 24 species in seven genera. The largest major lineage includes 158 species in five genera from North America, South America, and southeast Asia. This lineage includes two genera from Mexico and Central America: Hemichaena Bentham, which is sister to the North American Diplacus and Mimetanthe, and Leucocarpus D. Don, which is sister to the American and Asian Erythranthe. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 17, p. 433. | FNA vol. 17, p. 365. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Phrymaceae > Diplacus | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Synonyms | Mimulus johnstonii | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Name authority | (A. L. Grant) G. L. Nesom: Phytoneuron 2012-39: 29. (2012) | Schauer | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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