Flora of North America species comparison

leaves often twisted, appressed to weakly spreading or spreading-flexuose when dry, spreading to spreading-recurved and not keeled when moist, monomorphic, lanceolate, grooved adaxially along the costa, especially near leaf apex, 0.8–2.5(–4) mm, base scarcely differentiated to oblong in shape, margins recurved below mid leaf or to above mid leaf, entire, apex acute, not fragile, commonly ending in a conical cell;

costa percurrent or more commonly short-excurrent, not strongly spurred, not much widened or tapering, lacking an adaxial pad of cells, adaxial costal cells quadrate to short-rectangular, ca. 4 cells wide at mid leaf, guide cells in 1(–2) layers;

basal laminal cells differentiated medially or across the leaf, walls thin to weakly thickened, rectangular or seldom quadrate, not perforated;

distal laminal cells 7–10 µm wide, 1:1, nearly smooth or papillae simple or 2-fid, 2–3 per lumen, lumens irregular or oval to rounded-quadrate, walls thin or evenly thickened, convex on both sides of lamina, 1-stratose or occasionally 2-stratose in patches.

to 2(–9) cm;

hyalodermis occasionally present, sclerodermis usually present, central strand usually distinct;

axillary hairs ca. 5 cells long, proximal 1–2 cells brownish.

crowded, appressed-incurved, occasionally twisted or curled when dry, spreading to strongly reflexed and occasionally keeled when moist; ovate to long-lanceolate or long-triangular, adaxial surface usually broadly concave, occasionally narrowly channeled, 0.4–3(–6) mm;

base weakly differentiated in shape to oblong and half-sheathing the stem, proximal margins occasionally decurrent;

distal margins plane to recurved or revolute, entire or occasionally weakly dentate or crenulate, occasionally 2-stratose in patches or entirely;

apex narrowly acute to rounded, occasionally fragile or caducous;

costa ending several cells before apex to short-excurrent, adaxial cells quadrate to elongate, in 2–4(–8) rows;

transverse section ovate, semicircular or reniform, adaxial epidermis present or seldom absent (rarely bulging as a 1-stratose pad of cells in D. nevadensis), adaxial stereid band usually weak, occasionally absent in small plants or entirely in D. australasiae, D. revolutus and D. umbrosus, guide cells 2–6 in 1(–2) layers, hydroid strand occasionally present, abaxial stereid band weak to strong, crescent-shaped or ovate in sectional shape, abaxial epidermis present but usually weak;

basal laminal cells not or weakly differentiated to strongly differentiated across leaf or rising higher medially, quadrate to rectangular, seldom bulging, usually little wider than distal cells, ca. 2–4:1, walls of basal cells usually rather thin, occasionally porose or transversely slit (D. umbrosus), smooth to papillose;

distal medial cells subquadrate to hexagonal or rounded-angular, occasionally shortly rectangular or rhomboid, usually 8–13 µm wide, 1:1, 1-stratose, papillae usually simple to 2-fid, usually solid, with 3–5 projections, occasionally absent or multiplex, cell walls thin to thick, lumens sometimes angular, occasionally trigonous (D. giganteus), weakly to strongly convex on both surfaces.

0.8–1 cm.

yellowish to reddish brown, mostly 0.3–2 cm, twisted clockwise proximally, occasionally counterclockwise distally.

dioicous (occasionally possibly rhizautoicous).

1.5–2.5 mm;

peristome teeth 32, linear, twisted 1/2 to once, to 1300 µm, occasionally rudimentary or absent.

stegocarpous, theca elliptic to cylindric, ca. 1–3 mm, annulus of 1–3 rows of hexagonal, often vesiculose cells, often deciduous in pieces or revolute;

operculum short- to long-conic or conic-rostrate, ca. 0.5–1.2 mm, cells in straight rows or twisted counterclockwise;

peristome teeth 32, or 16 and grouped in pairs, occasionally absent or rudimentary, oblong to linear or long-triangular, often medially perforated or cleft, usually straight or weakly twisted counterclockwise, teeth to 700(–1300) µm, sometimes rudimentary.

cucullate.

9–12 µm. Distal laminal KOH reaction light to dark red-brown, occasionally deep red-orange.

ca. 7–18 µm. KOH laminal color reaction red, occasionally red-orange or yellow.

asexual reproduction very rare, by multicellular gemmae in clusters in leaf axils.

asexual reproduction by gemmae occasional, usually spheric to elliptic, of 1–10 cells, usually borne in leaf axils, occasionally on adaxial surface of costa, or rarely as small tubers borne on rhizoids in the soil.

terminal, interior leaves not or occasionally sheathing in proximal 1/2, ovate to long-lanceolate, occasionally somewhat enlarged, laminal cells rhombiodal-rectangular in proximal 1/2.