Flora of North America species comparison

leaves spreading-incurved and twisted to incurved-appressed when dry, spreading to spreading-recurved and not keeled when moist, monomorphic, short-lanceolate or sometimes short-ovate to long-elliptic, broadly concave adaxially across leaf, usually 1–2.5 mm, base scarcely differentiated in shape to ovate, margins usually recurved at mid leaf, entire, apex broadly acute or occasionally narrowly so, not fragile;

costa percurrent or ending a few cells below the apex, broader at mid leaf, occasionally weakly spurred, with a low adaxial pad of cells, adaxial costal cells quadrate, 4–6 cells wide at mid leaf, guide cells in 1–2 layers;

basal laminal cells differentiated medially or across leaf, quadrate to short-rectangular, walls very thin and not perforated;

distal laminal cells 7–12 wide, 1:1 or occasionally transversely elongate below, papillae usually distinct, low or simple to 2-fid, occasionally absent, lumens oval to rounded-quadrate, walls thin to evenly thickened, convex on both sides of lamina, 2-stratose in one or more rows along margins.

to 2(–9) cm;

hyalodermis occasionally present, sclerodermis usually present, central strand usually distinct;

axillary hairs ca. 5 cells long, proximal 1–2 cells brownish.

crowded, appressed-incurved, occasionally twisted or curled when dry, spreading to strongly reflexed and occasionally keeled when moist; ovate to long-lanceolate or long-triangular, adaxial surface usually broadly concave, occasionally narrowly channeled, 0.4–3(–6) mm;

base weakly differentiated in shape to oblong and half-sheathing the stem, proximal margins occasionally decurrent;

distal margins plane to recurved or revolute, entire or occasionally weakly dentate or crenulate, occasionally 2-stratose in patches or entirely;

apex narrowly acute to rounded, occasionally fragile or caducous;

costa ending several cells before apex to short-excurrent, adaxial cells quadrate to elongate, in 2–4(–8) rows;

transverse section ovate, semicircular or reniform, adaxial epidermis present or seldom absent (rarely bulging as a 1-stratose pad of cells in D. nevadensis), adaxial stereid band usually weak, occasionally absent in small plants or entirely in D. australasiae, D. revolutus and D. umbrosus, guide cells 2–6 in 1(–2) layers, hydroid strand occasionally present, abaxial stereid band weak to strong, crescent-shaped or ovate in sectional shape, abaxial epidermis present but usually weak;

basal laminal cells not or weakly differentiated to strongly differentiated across leaf or rising higher medially, quadrate to rectangular, seldom bulging, usually little wider than distal cells, ca. 2–4:1, walls of basal cells usually rather thin, occasionally porose or transversely slit (D. umbrosus), smooth to papillose;

distal medial cells subquadrate to hexagonal or rounded-angular, occasionally shortly rectangular or rhomboid, usually 8–13 µm wide, 1:1, 1-stratose, papillae usually simple to 2-fid, usually solid, with 3–5 projections, occasionally absent or multiplex, cell walls thin to thick, lumens sometimes angular, occasionally trigonous (D. giganteus), weakly to strongly convex on both surfaces.

0.7–1 cm.

yellowish to reddish brown, mostly 0.3–2 cm, twisted clockwise proximally, occasionally counterclockwise distally.

dioicous (occasionally possibly rhizautoicous).

1–1.9 mm;

peristome teeth 32, linear, weakly twisted, to 600 µm, occasionally rudimentary.

stegocarpous, theca elliptic to cylindric, ca. 1–3 mm, annulus of 1–3 rows of hexagonal, often vesiculose cells, often deciduous in pieces or revolute;

operculum short- to long-conic or conic-rostrate, ca. 0.5–1.2 mm, cells in straight rows or twisted counterclockwise;

peristome teeth 32, or 16 and grouped in pairs, occasionally absent or rudimentary, oblong to linear or long-triangular, often medially perforated or cleft, usually straight or weakly twisted counterclockwise, teeth to 700(–1300) µm, sometimes rudimentary.

cucullate.

11–15 µm.

ca. 7–18 µm.

asexual reproduction by multicellular tubers on proximal rhizoids.

asexual reproduction by gemmae occasional, usually spheric to elliptic, of 1–10 cells, usually borne in leaf axils, occasionally on adaxial surface of costa, or rarely as small tubers borne on rhizoids in the soil.

laminal KOH reaction variously negative or yellow- or orange- or red-brown.

terminal, interior leaves not or occasionally sheathing in proximal 1/2, ovate to long-lanceolate, occasionally somewhat enlarged, laminal cells rhombiodal-rectangular in proximal 1/2.

laminal color reaction red, occasionally red-orange or yellow.