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Oregon bleeding heart, Pacific bleeding-heart, Pacific bleedinghearts, western bleeding-heart

golden eardrops

Habit Plants perennial, scapose, from elongate, stout rhizomes. Plants perennial, caulescent, glaucous, from stout taproots.
Stems

1 or more, rigidly erect, 5-15 dm, 1-2.5 cm diam. at base.

Leaves

(15-)25-40(-55) × (8-)12-20(-35) cm;

blade with 3-5 orders of leaflets and lobes;

abaxial surface and sometimes adaxial surface glaucous; penultimate lobes oblong, distal ones usually coarsely 3-toothed at apex, (4-)10-20(-50) × (1.5-)3-4(-8) mm.

(10-)15-30(-45) × (3-)5-9(-16) cm;

blade with 3, rarely 4 orders of leaflets and lobes; ultimate leaflets (10-)20-30(-60) × (5-)10-20(-25) mm, ultimate lobes oblong, apex acute.

Inflorescences

paniculate, 2-30-flowered, usually exceeding leaves;

bracts linear-lanceolate, 4-7(-12) × 1-2 mm, apex acuminate.

paniculate, usually at least 5 times longer than wide;

bracts lanceolate to ovate, 3-5 × 1-2 mm, margins entire;

bracteoles absent, rarely present.

Flowers

pendent;

sepals lanceolate to ovate or nearly round, 2-7 × 2-3 mm;

petals rose-purple, pink, cream, or pale yellow, rarely white;

outer petals (12-)16-19(-24) × 3-6 mm, reflexed portion 2-5 mm;

inner petals (12-)15-18(-22) mm, blade 2-4 mm wide, claw linear-elliptic to linear-lanceolate, 7-10(-12) × 1-2 mm, crest 1-2 mm diam., exceeding apex by 1-2 mm;

filaments of each bundle connate from base to shortly below anthers except for a 2-3 mm portion of median filament just above base; nectariferous tissue borne along distinct portion of median filament;

style 3-9 mm;

stigma rhomboid, 2-horned.

erect, with slightly pungent odor;

pedicels rigid, 2-10 mm;

sepals ovate to cordate or nearly round, 3-7 × 2-5 mm;

petals golden yellow;

outer petals (10-)12-16(-22) × 2-4 mm, reflexed portion 4-7 mm;

inner petals (8-)15-17(-18) mm, blade 3-5 mm, claw 6-9 mm, confluent with and nearly as wide as blade, crest usually about 1-3 mm diam., scarcely exceeding apex;

filaments of each bundle connate from base to shortly below anthers, rarely distinct from near base; nectariferous tissue borne at base of median filament, not projecting into outer petal;

stigma shortly 2-horned, ca. 2 times wider than long.

Capsules

oblong, 4-5 mm diam.

ovoid, attenuate at both ends or sometimes rounded at base, (5-)15-25(-32) × 5-8 mm.

Seeds

reniform, ca. 2 mm diam., finely reticulate, elaiosome present.

slightly reniform, 1.5-2.2 mm diam., densely covered with tiny protuberances, elaiosome absent.

Artificially

produced hybrids between Dicentra ochroleuca and D. chrysantha also had 2n = 32.

2n

= 32.

Dicentra formosa

Dicentra chrysantha

Phenology Flowering early spring–late summer.
Habitat Dry gravelly hillsides, gullies, and disturbed areas, often invading after fire
Elevation 100-2200 m (300-7200 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
CA; OR; WA; BC
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
CA; Mexico (Baja California)
[WildflowerSearch map]
Discussion

Subspecies 2 (2 in the flora).

Andrews has been cited almost universally as the author of Fumaria formosa. However, Haworth's authorship of the sixth volume of Andrews' Botanists' Repository (in which this species was originally described) generally has been overlooked, and it was actually Haworth who first delineated F. formosa (W. T. Stearn 1944).

Early attempts to cross Dicentra formosa with D. eximia (2n = 16) failed, possibly because the D. formosa parents were tetraploids. Several later hybrids between the two species received plant patents and have become widely marketed throughout the flora area and elsewhere (K. R. Stern 1961, 1968; K. R. Stern and M. Ownbey 1971).

Both subspecies, as well as hybrids between them and Dicentra eximia, are widely cultivated.

The Skagit used a decoction of the roots of Dicentra formosa to expel worms; they chewed raw roots for toothaches (D. E. Moerman 1986, species not indicated).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

The seeds of Dicentra chrysantha usually do not germinate unless desiccated or seared by fire.

The Kawaiisu applied dried, mashed roots of Dicentra chrysantha to the chest for heart pains (D. E. Moerman 1986).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Petals rose-purple to pink, rarely white; leaf blades adaxially not glaucous (rarely glaucescent).
subsp. formosa
1. Petals cream-colored or rarely pale yellow, rose-tipped; leaf blades adaxially distinctly glaucous.
subsp. oregana
Source FNA vol. 3. FNA vol. 3.
Parent taxa Fumariaceae > Dicentra Fumariaceae > Dicentra
Sibling taxa
D. canadensis, D. chrysantha, D. cucullaria, D. eximia, D. nevadensis, D. ochroleuca, D. pauciflora, D. uniflora
D. canadensis, D. cucullaria, D. eximia, D. formosa, D. nevadensis, D. ochroleuca, D. pauciflora, D. uniflora
Subordinate taxa
D. formosa subsp. formosa, D. formosa subsp. oregana
Synonyms Fumaria formosa, D. saccata Dielytra chrysantha
Name authority (Haworth) Walpers: Repert. Bot. Syst. 1: 118. (1842) (Hooker & Arnott) Walpers: Repert. Bot. Syst. 1: 118. (1842)
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