Dicentra formosa |
Dicentra chrysantha |
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Oregon bleeding heart, Pacific bleeding-heart, Pacific bleedinghearts, western bleeding-heart |
golden eardrops |
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Habit | Plants perennial, scapose, from elongate, stout rhizomes. | Plants perennial, caulescent, glaucous, from stout taproots. | ||||
Stems | 1 or more, rigidly erect, 5-15 dm, 1-2.5 cm diam. at base. |
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Leaves | (15-)25-40(-55) × (8-)12-20(-35) cm; blade with 3-5 orders of leaflets and lobes; abaxial surface and sometimes adaxial surface glaucous; penultimate lobes oblong, distal ones usually coarsely 3-toothed at apex, (4-)10-20(-50) × (1.5-)3-4(-8) mm. |
(10-)15-30(-45) × (3-)5-9(-16) cm; blade with 3, rarely 4 orders of leaflets and lobes; ultimate leaflets (10-)20-30(-60) × (5-)10-20(-25) mm, ultimate lobes oblong, apex acute. |
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Inflorescences | paniculate, 2-30-flowered, usually exceeding leaves; bracts linear-lanceolate, 4-7(-12) × 1-2 mm, apex acuminate. |
paniculate, usually at least 5 times longer than wide; bracts lanceolate to ovate, 3-5 × 1-2 mm, margins entire; bracteoles absent, rarely present. |
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Flowers | pendent; sepals lanceolate to ovate or nearly round, 2-7 × 2-3 mm; petals rose-purple, pink, cream, or pale yellow, rarely white; outer petals (12-)16-19(-24) × 3-6 mm, reflexed portion 2-5 mm; inner petals (12-)15-18(-22) mm, blade 2-4 mm wide, claw linear-elliptic to linear-lanceolate, 7-10(-12) × 1-2 mm, crest 1-2 mm diam., exceeding apex by 1-2 mm; filaments of each bundle connate from base to shortly below anthers except for a 2-3 mm portion of median filament just above base; nectariferous tissue borne along distinct portion of median filament; style 3-9 mm; stigma rhomboid, 2-horned. |
erect, with slightly pungent odor; pedicels rigid, 2-10 mm; sepals ovate to cordate or nearly round, 3-7 × 2-5 mm; petals golden yellow; outer petals (10-)12-16(-22) × 2-4 mm, reflexed portion 4-7 mm; inner petals (8-)15-17(-18) mm, blade 3-5 mm, claw 6-9 mm, confluent with and nearly as wide as blade, crest usually about 1-3 mm diam., scarcely exceeding apex; filaments of each bundle connate from base to shortly below anthers, rarely distinct from near base; nectariferous tissue borne at base of median filament, not projecting into outer petal; stigma shortly 2-horned, ca. 2 times wider than long. |
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Capsules | oblong, 4-5 mm diam. |
ovoid, attenuate at both ends or sometimes rounded at base, (5-)15-25(-32) × 5-8 mm. |
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Seeds | reniform, ca. 2 mm diam., finely reticulate, elaiosome present. |
slightly reniform, 1.5-2.2 mm diam., densely covered with tiny protuberances, elaiosome absent. |
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Artificially | produced hybrids between Dicentra ochroleuca and D. chrysantha also had 2n = 32. |
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2n | = 32. |
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Dicentra formosa |
Dicentra chrysantha |
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Phenology | Flowering early spring–late summer. | |||||
Habitat | Dry gravelly hillsides, gullies, and disturbed areas, often invading after fire | |||||
Elevation | 100-2200 m (300-7200 ft) | |||||
Distribution |
CA; OR; WA; BC
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CA; Mexico (Baja California)
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Discussion | Subspecies 2 (2 in the flora). Andrews has been cited almost universally as the author of Fumaria formosa. However, Haworth's authorship of the sixth volume of Andrews' Botanists' Repository (in which this species was originally described) generally has been overlooked, and it was actually Haworth who first delineated F. formosa (W. T. Stearn 1944). Early attempts to cross Dicentra formosa with D. eximia (2n = 16) failed, possibly because the D. formosa parents were tetraploids. Several later hybrids between the two species received plant patents and have become widely marketed throughout the flora area and elsewhere (K. R. Stern 1961, 1968; K. R. Stern and M. Ownbey 1971). Both subspecies, as well as hybrids between them and Dicentra eximia, are widely cultivated. The Skagit used a decoction of the roots of Dicentra formosa to expel worms; they chewed raw roots for toothaches (D. E. Moerman 1986, species not indicated). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
The seeds of Dicentra chrysantha usually do not germinate unless desiccated or seared by fire. The Kawaiisu applied dried, mashed roots of Dicentra chrysantha to the chest for heart pains (D. E. Moerman 1986). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 3. | FNA vol. 3. | ||||
Parent taxa | Fumariaceae > Dicentra | Fumariaceae > Dicentra | ||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||
Synonyms | Fumaria formosa, D. saccata | Dielytra chrysantha | ||||
Name authority | (Haworth) Walpers: Repert. Bot. Syst. 1: 118. (1842) | (Hooker & Arnott) Walpers: Repert. Bot. Syst. 1: 118. (1842) | ||||
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