Flora of North America species comparison

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Desmodium cuspidatum

Desmodium

large-bract tick-trefoil

tick trefoil
Habit Herbs, perennial. Herbs, usually perennial, sometimes annual, subshrubs, or shrubs, unarmed.
Stems

erect or ascending, usually striate, 50–150 cm, usually glabrous, sometimes sparsely uncinate-pubescent or pilose.

erect to diffusely spreading or decumbent to prostrate, pubescent, glabrous, or glabrescent.
Leaves

trifoliolate;

stipules usually persistent, narrowly ovate or subulate, 10–20 mm;

petiole 40–70 mm;

leaflet blades ovate to broadly ovate, apex sharply acuminate to shortly cuspidate, surfaces glabrous (except veins spreading-villosulous);

terminal blade 50–120 × 30–70 mm, length 1.5–3 times width.

alternate (rarely mostly clustered near base of stem), trifoliolate or unifoliolate;

stipules present, persistent or caducous, striate, ciliate, sometimes amplexicaul or subamplexicaul; petiolate;

stipels usually present;

leaflets 1 or 3, blade margins usually entire, main lateral veins arcuate along margin, rarely reaching margin, surfaces usually pubescent, sometimes glabrous, abaxially paler, sometimes glaucous;

terminal leaflet petiolulate, larger than laterals, lateral leaflets 1-stipellate, blades usually oblique.
Inflorescences

branched;

rachis densely uncinate-pubescent to rarely glabrescent;

primary bracts conspicuously covering apex of inflorescences, narrowly ovate, 8–14 mm.

10–50+-flowered, axillary or terminal, usually pseudoracemes, usually 2–5 flowers per node, unbranched when axillary, branched and paniclelike (compound pseudoracemes) when terminal;

bracts present, primary bracts 1, subtending flower pairs, sometimes collectively conspicuous before flowering, secondary bracts usually 2, subtending each flower, sometimes absent;

bracteoles absent.
Pedicels

4–8 mm, densely patent uncinate-puberulent and sparsely pilose.

usually uncinate-puberulent, sometimes glutinous-pubescent.
Flowers

calyx 3–4 mm, glabrate, margins sparsely ciliate, lobes pilose, tube 1.5–2 mm;

abaxial lobes 3–4 mm, lateral lobes 2–3 mm;

corolla purple, 8–12 mm.

papilionaceous;

calyx campanulate, lobes 5, usually appearing 4-lobed, adaxial pair connate except apically, with 2 minute teeth, lateral lobes equal to or slightly longer than tube, abaxial lobe longer than tube and other lobes, or sometimes as long as lateral lobes;

corolla usually pink to purple, blue-purple, or purple, sometimes lavender to greenish blue, ochroleucous, or white, banner clawed or tapering proximally, blade usually broadly obovate, often with a pair of dark spots (false nectar guides) at base;

wings and keel petals clawed;

stamens 10, usually monadelphous, sometimes diadelphous;

anthers dorsifixed.
Fruits

loments, usually stipitate, rarely sessile, compressed, straight or ± incurved, sometimes twisted or contorted, oblong, narrowly oblong, or linear, splitting between indehiscent segments, usually conspicuously uncinate-pubescent throughout, rarely sutures glabrous;

segments (articles) (1 or)2–10, lateral faces reticulate (rugose in D. scorpiurus);

sutures constricted at joints, abaxial incised deeper than adaxial or both equally incised, connections between segments (isthmi) adaxial or central.
Seeds

1 per segment, usually brown, yellowish brown, or tan, asymmetric, usually oblong, 4-sided, or reniform, rim-arillate.
Loments

sutures dentate abaxially, sinuate adaxially;

connections adaxial, 1/2 as broad as segments;

segments (1–)4–7, obliquely narrow-rhombic or suborbiculate, (7–)9–11 × 4–5 mm, angled abaxially, slightly convex adaxially, sparsely uncinate-puberulent, sutures densely uncinate-puberulent;

stipe 1–2.5 mm.

x

= [10] 11.

Desmodium cuspidatum

Desmodium
Phenology Flowering summer–fall.
Habitat Rich, moist woodlands, thickets, openings, dry, rocky woodlands, ruderal areas.
Elevation 0–1000 m. (0–3300 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; AR; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; VA; VT; WI; WV; ON
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from USDA
e North America; Mexico; Central America; South America; c North America; West Indies; mainly in seasonally dry to wet tropical to temperate regions [Introduced in Asia, Africa, Indian Ocean Islands, Pacific Islands, Australia]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

In Texas, Desmodium cuspidatum is known only from Bowie County, at the northeastern corner of the state.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Species ca. 120 (36, including 1 hybrid, in the flora).

Desmodium, as traditionally circumscribed, had its greatest diversity in southeastern Asia at infrageneric level and Mexico to northern South America at specific level (H. Ohashi 2005). More recent data (K. Ohashi et al. 2018) showed that Desmodium is polyphyletic. The traditional North American Desmodium (B. G. Schubert 1950; D. Isely 1990, 1998) was divided into two genera: Desmodium in the narrow sense adopted here and Hylodesmum, the previous Desmodium ser. Americana B. G. Schubert (H. Ohashi and R. R. Mill 2000). North American species of Desmodium are geographically separated into two groups: those of the central and eastern United States, and those of the Southwest (trans-Pecos Texas to Arizona), which mostly represent the northern peripheries of Mexican species (Isely 1990, 1998); they are otherwise absent west of the Rocky Mountains.

Most of the North American species of Desmodium are well established as natural species except for three species complexes that D. Isely (1990, 1998) designated as species groups due to the frequency of intermediate morphology among the traditional species. Each species complex, D. ciliare Group, D. paniculatum Group, and D. procumbens Group, is here regarded as a single species: D. marilandicum, D. paniculatum, and D. procumbens, respectively.

Few natural hybrids in Desmodium are known. Only D. × humifusum is demonstrated to have a hybrid origin in nature in North America (J. A. Raveill 2002). Forms intermediate between different species have been presumed to be natural hybrids (D. Isely 1990, 1998). B. G. Schubert (1970) stated that hybridization is rare, and the morphological characters are relatively stable; her concepts are followed here except as previously noted.

Mature loments are helpful in identifying Desmodium species; they consist of multiple segments that break into one-seeded units or articles at maturity. The shape of the segments and location of the connections between segments (isthmi) vary widely among species. Fruits typically have uncinate (hooked) hairs, facilitating dispersal via animal fur and human clothing.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Key
1. Inflorescences fascicles, terminal (appearing axillary); leaflet blades broadly obovate or cuneate-obovate, terminal blade 5–10 mm; stems prostrate.
D. triflorum
1. Inflorescences racemes or panicles, terminal or axillary; leaflet blades usually ovate, elliptic, or oblong, terminal blade (9–)10–120(–150) mm; stems erect, ascending, decumbent, or prostrate.
→ 2
2. Leaves unifoliolate.
→ 3
3. Leaflet blades linear, 2–5 mm wide, length 10+ times width; loments: stipe to 1 mm, sutures equally crenate, moderately uncinate-puberulent, segments 3–6, each (2–).
→ 3–3
3–3. 5 mm, connections central.
D. gramineum
3. Leaflet blades ovate to narrowly ovate, 10–30 mm wide, length (2–)2.5–5 times width; loments: stipe 1.5–2.5 mm, sutures crenate abaxially, sinuate adaxially, glabrous, segments 3–5, each 2.5–6 mm, connections adaxial.
D. psilophyllum
2. Leaves usually trifoliolate, rarely unifoliolate proximally and/or distally.
→ 4
4. Stems decumbent, decumbent-assurgent, procumbent, climbing, or prostrate (sometimes vinelike, rarely erect in D. procumbens).
→ 5
5. Stipules persistent, amplexicaul or subamplexicaul.
→ 6
6. Loment sutures equally shallow-undulate abaxially and adaxially, segments narrowly oblong or narrowly elliptic, 1.5 mm wide, faces rugose; stipules amplexicaul, 2–3.5 mm, base auriculate.
D. scorpiurus
6. Loment sutures deeply crenate abaxially, crenate adaxially, segments sub­globose or subrhombic to elliptic, 4–8 mm wide, faces reticulate; stipules subamplexicaul, 5–12 mm, base obliquely cordate.
→ 7
7. Terminal leaflet blades ovate, length 1.2–2 times width; corollas white or ochroleucous, 7–8 mm; loments glabrous, sutures uncinate- pubescent.
D. ochroleucum
7. Terminal leaflet blades elliptic, orbiculate, or broadly ovate, length 0.8–1.2 times width; corollas pink, fading blue-purple, 9–11 mm; loments uncinate-puberulent throughout.
D. rotundifolium
5. Stipules caducous or persistent, not amplexicaul.
→ 8
8. Leaves trifoliolate, often unifoliolate proximally and/or distally; leaflets polymorphic between proximal and/or distal ones and median ones.
D. procumbens
8. Leaves trifoliolate, rarely unifoliolate proximally; leaflets monomorphic.
→ 9
9. Terminal leaflet blades ovate-elliptic to narrowly so, 8–10 mm wide.
D. batocaulon
9. Terminal leaflet blades ovate, elliptic, broadly ovate to rhombic, suborbiculate, or orbiculate, 10–60 mm wide.
→ 10
10. Stems angular (3-sided); loment segments 5–9; primary bracts densely imbricate before anthesis, narrowly ovate, 7–10 mm.
D. intortum
10. Stems terete; loment segments 2–6; primary bracts not imbricate, ovate, 1–6.5 mm.
→ 11
11. Terminal leaflet blades ovate or rhombic-ovate, 30–70 mm, length 1.4–2 times width; loment segments obtusely angled abaxially.
Desmodium × humifusum
11. Terminal leaflet blades orbiculate to broadly ovate or broadly rhombic-ovate, 15–45 mm, length 1–1.7 times width; loment segments symmetrically rounded abaxially.
→ 12
12. Leaflets: adaxial surface appressed bulbous-pilose; inflorescence rachis densely patent uncinate-pubescent and usually bulbous-pilose; primary bracts 4.5–6.5 mm; calyces 5–6 mm; corollas 7–8 mm.
D. grahamii
12. Leaflets: adaxial surface glabrous; inflorescence rachis uncinate-puberulent; primary bracts 1–2 mm; calyces 2 mm; corollas 3.5–5 mm.
D. lineatum
4. Stems usually erect or ascending, rarely procumbent or sprawling.
→ 13
13. Stipules persistent or partly persistent, amplexicaul or subamplexicaul.
→ 14
14. Loments: connections adaxial, sutures dentate or crenate abaxially, sinuate adaxially.
D. canescens
14. Loments: connections central, sutures equally or subequally crenate, or deeply crenate abaxially, shallowly dentate adaxially.
→ 15
15. Loments sparsely pubescent, at least on sutures.
D. psilocarpum
15. Loments densely uncinate-pubescent, at least on sutures.
→ 16
16. Loment segments glabrous except uncinate-puberulent on sutures; leaflet blades densely villosulous abaxially.
D. lindheimeri
16. Loment segments uncinate-puberulent throughout; leaflet blades subappressed-villous or uncinate-puberulent and strigose abaxially, or uncinate-puberulent only on veins.
→ 17
17. Leaflets uncinate-puberulent on veins; calyces 4–5 mm; loments: segment margins not twisted, not rolled, connections 1/2–4/5 as broad as segments.
D. illinoense
17. Leaflets uncinate-puberulent and strigose or subappressed-villous; calyces 1.5–3 mm; loments twisted conspicuously when young, margins alternately involute and revolute, connections 1/4 as broad as segments.
D. tortuosum
13. Stipules persistent or caducous, not amplexicaul.
→ 18
18. Inflorescence rachis and/or stems pilose or villous and uncinate-pubescent, some­times glabrescent.
→ 19
19. Terminal leaflet blades 5–7 mm wide, linear, length 8–10 times width.
D. tenuifolium
19. Terminal leaflet blades 15–90 mm wide, elliptic, narrowly to broadly ovate, or broadly rhombic, length 1–4 times width.
→ 20
20. Loments: adaxial sutures straight or slightly sinuate, connections 1/2–2/3 as broad as segments; herbs stoloniferous or rhizomatous.
D. incanum
20. Loments: adaxial sutures usually sinuate, sometimes repand, connections 1/4–1/2 as broad as segments; herbs not stoloniferous.
→ 21
21. Corollas 8–11 mm; primary bracts 6–7 mm; loment stipe 2(–3) mm; leaflet blades slightly or evidently strigulose abaxially, sparsely puber­ulent, almost glabrescent adaxially.
D. canadense
21. Corollas 6–8 mm; primary bracts 2–4 mm; loment stipe 3–6 mm; leaflet blades spreading-villous or velvety abaxially, uncinate-puberulent on veins adaxially.
→ 22
22. Corollas 6–7 mm; leaflet blades ovate to narrowly ovate, bases usually rounded; loment segments 2–4, rounded abaxially.
D. nuttallii
22. Corollas 7–8 mm; leaflet blades broadly ovate or broadly rhombic, bases acute to cuneate or truncate; loment segments (3 or)4 or 5, symmetrically angled abaxially.
D. viridiflorum
18. Inflorescence rachis and stems uncinate-pubescent, sometimes also sparsely pilose, gluti­nous, or glutinous-villous.
→ 23
23. Stems conspicuously angled; leaflet blades usually with pale-blotched along midrib.
D. tweedyi
23. Stems usually striate, not conspicuously angled (angled in D. metcalfei); leaflet blades without pale blotching along midrib.
→ 24
24. Stipules usually caducous, sometimes moderately persistent.
→ 25
25. Loments: distal segment much larger than proximal segments.
D. scopulorum
25. Loments: distal segment size similar to proximal segments.
→ 26
26. Loment segments angled abaxially.
→ 27
27. Leaflets thick, ± leathery, adaxial surface glabrous or sparsely puber­ulent; pedicels 10–20 mm in fruit.
D. laevigatum
27. Leaflets usually thin, rarely ± thick, papery, adaxial surface sparsely appressed-puberulent and pilose; pedicels to 12(–20) mm in fruit.
D. paniculatum
26. Loment segments rounded abaxially.
→ 28
28. Terminal leaflet blades narrowly oblong-elliptic to linear, 4–10 mm wide.
D. arizonicum
28. Terminal leaflet blades mostly ovate or elliptic-ovate, 6–33 mm wide.
→ 29
29. Corollas 4–6 mm; loment segments 1–4.
D. marilandicum
29. Corollas 8–12 mm; loment segments (2 or)3–8.
→ 30
30. Leaflet blades narrowly elliptic-oblong, apex obtuse, lateral veins reaching margin, margins flat; loments villosulous or pubescent and uncinate-puberulent, connections central.
D. cinerascens
30. Leaflet blades narrowly ovate-oblong, apex acute, lateral veins looped within margin, margins revolute; loments uncinate-pubescent, connections slightly adaxial.
D. metcalfei
24. Stipules persistent or moderately so.
→ 31
31. Loment connections central, sutures ± equally crenate.
→ 32
32. Loment margins involute, segments usually angled abaxially, sometimes rounded.
D. procumbens
32. Loment margins flat (sometimes slightly involute in D. rosei), segments rounded abaxially.
→ 33
33. Terminal leaflet blades 8–10 mm wide, usually oblong-ovate to narrowly so, sometimes broadly elliptic to oblong, length 1–3.5 times width; corollas 4–5 mm; herbs perennial, with woody rootstock.
D. retinens
33. Terminal leaflet blades 2–5 mm wide, linear to narrowly oblong, length 7+ times width; corollas 3–3.5 mm; herbs annual, with slender taproot.
D. rosei
31. Loment connections adaxial, sutures crenate or dentate abaxially, sinuate or straight adaxially (dentate in D. cuspidatum).
→ 34
34. Terminal leaflet blades linear to narrowly oblong or narrowly elliptic, length 4–10 times width.
→ 35
35. Petioles 1–5 mm; pedicels 2–5 mm; corollas 5 mm.
D. sessilifolium
35. Petioles 6.5–18 mm; pedicels 5–13 mm; corollas 4 mm.
D. strictum
34. Terminal leaflet blades ovate, broadly ovate, or rhombic, length 1.3–3 times width.
→ 36
36. Leaves trifoliolate proximally, leaflet blade apex sharply acuminate to shortly cuspidate; loment segments (7–)9–11 mm; corollas 8–12 mm; calyces glabrate, margins sparsely ciliate; stems usually glabrous, sometimes sparsely uncinate-puberulent or pilose.
D. cuspidatum
36. Leaves unifoliolate proximally, leaflet blade apex acute or obtuse; loment segments 4–8 mm; corollas 5–7 mm; calyces puberulent to pubescent; stems usually densely uncinate- puberulent to -pubescent and villous.
D. floridanum
Source FNA vol. 11. FNA vol. 11. Author: Hiroyoshi Ohashi.
Parent taxa Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Desmodium Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae
Sibling taxa
D. arizonicum, D. batocaulon, D. canadense, D. canescens, D. cinerascens, D. floridanum, D. grahamii, D. gramineum, D. illinoense, D. incanum, D. intortum, D. laevigatum, D. lindheimeri, D. lineatum, D. marilandicum, D. metcalfei, D. nuttallii, D. ochroleucum, D. paniculatum, D. procumbens, D. psilocarpum, D. psilophyllum, D. retinens, D. rosei, D. rotundifolium, D. scopulorum, D. scorpiurus, D. sessilifolium, D. strictum, D. tenuifolium, D. tortuosum, D. triflorum, D. tweedyi, D. viridiflorum, D. ×humifusum
Subordinate taxa
D. arizonicum, D. batocaulon, D. canadense, D. canescens, D. cinerascens, D. cuspidatum, D. floridanum, D. grahamii, D. gramineum, D. illinoense, D. incanum, D. intortum, D. laevigatum, D. lindheimeri, D. lineatum, D. marilandicum, D. metcalfei, D. nuttallii, D. ochroleucum, D. paniculatum, D. procumbens, D. psilocarpum, D. psilophyllum, D. retinens, D. rosei, D. rotundifolium, D. scopulorum, D. scorpiurus, D. sessilifolium, D. strictum, D. tenuifolium, D. tortuosum, D. triflorum, D. tweedyi, D. viridiflorum, Desmodium × humifusum
Synonyms Hedysarum cuspidatum, D. bracteosum, D. cuspidatum var. longifolium, D. grandiflorum, Meibomia grandiflora, M. longifolia Meibomia
Name authority (Muhlenberg ex Willdenow) de Candolle ex G. Don in J. C. Loudon: Hort. Brit., 309. (1830) Desvaux: J. Bot. Agric. 1: 122, plate 5, fig. 15. (1813) — name conserved
Web links 
Unless otherwise noted, all data comes from the online version of the Flora of North America, who have made most of their content available via a Creative Commons license (CC BY 4.0).



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