Cuphea carthagenensis
Cuphea
Colombian waxweed
cigar flower, Mexican heather, waxweed
erect to decumbent and spreading, usually much-branched, hispid and setose, sometimes also puberulent.
erect, decumbent, or spreading, branched or unbranched.
opposite, subsessile or sessile;
petiole 0–2 mm;
blade broadly elliptic to lanceolate, 12–55 × 5–25 mm, base attenuate.
usually opposite, rarely 3- or 4-whorled, when whorled, opposite at proximal nodes;
sessile, subsessile, or petiolate;
blade ovate to lanceolate, oblong, elliptic, or linear, base attenuate or rounded [cuneate, cordate], surfaces finely scabrous.
leafy.
indeterminate, terminal or axillary, leafy or bracteate racemes [thyrses], 1 flower emerging between petioles at a node, others, when present, on axillary branchlets.
1–2 mm.
alternate, 1 interpetiolar, with 1–3 flowers on axillary branchlets;
floral tube purple adaxially and distally, or green throughout, 4–6 × 1–1.5 mm, glabrous except veins sparsely and coarsely setose;
base rounded or a descending spur, 0.5 mm;
inner surface glabrous;
epicalyx segments thick, often terminated by a bristle;
sepals equal;
petals 6, deep purple or rose purple, subspatulate, subequal, 1.5–2.5 × 0.5–1 mm;
stamens 11, extending 2/3 distance to sinus of sepals.
sessile or pedicellate, zygomorphic, monostylous;
floral tube perigynous, cylindrical, rounded, or spurred basally, conspicuously 12-ribbed, inner surface villous or glabrous;
epicalyx segments shorter than sepals [to longer than sepals];
sepals 6, to 1/4 floral tube length;
petals caducous [persistent], [0 or](2–)6, purple, rose purple, rose, or pink, subequal or unequal, sometimes 2 upper petals larger or of different color than others;
nectary present at base of ovary;
stamens (5–)11, deeply included or equal to surpassing sinus of sepals, 2 stamens usually shorter, more deeply inserted than others;
ovary 2-locular;
placenta elongate;
septa reduced to thin threads, 1 locule reduced;
style slender;
stigma capitate to punctiform.
capsules, walls thin and dry, dehiscence by longitudinal complementary slits in wall and floral tube, placenta and seeds ultimately exserted.
(4–)6(–9), elliptic to suborbiculate in outline, 1.5–1.7 × 0.2–1.5 mm, margin narrow, flattened, thin.
3–13(–20)[–100+], orbiculate, suborbiculate, oblong, or elliptic in outline;
cotyledons ± complanate.
= 16.
Cuphea carthagenensis
Cuphea
The weedy, self-fertilizing Cuphea carthagenensis is the most widely distributed species of the genus and one of the more common in South America. It was first collected in the United States in Florida and North Carolina in the 1920s. Fossilized pollen very similar to pollen of C. carthagenensis and close relatives is known from the late Miocene of Alabama (S. A. Graham 2013). The species flowers year-round in subtropical and tropical regions.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Species ca. 240 (6 in the flora).
The seeds of Cuphea store oils composed of medium-chain fatty acids that are widely used in the manufacture of soaps and detergents, in specialized food products, and in medicine. The endemic C. viscosissima is under development as a domestic source of the fatty acids that traditionally have been obtained from imported palm oils. Other species are cultivated as annual garden plants, and new hybrids and cultivars appear yearly in the nursery trade. Among the most popular cultivated species are: C. calophylla Chamisso & Schlechtendal and C. hyssopifolia Kunth, both sold under the name Mexican heather and identified by their small, tubular flowers with six purple petals; C. ignea A. de Candolle, the cigar flower or firecracker plant, a species with trailing stems and elongate, red flowers with black and white tips; and C. llavea Lexarza, marketed as ‘Tiny Mice’ or ‘Bat-Faced Cuphea,’ which has two large, red petals often with a black spot at the base, and purple trichomes filling the opening of the floral tube. The purple-petalled C. procumbens Ortega (firefly cuphea) and hybrids of C. procumbens with C. llavea are also popular flowering annuals. Garden escapes of C. procumbens account for reports in Florida, Georgia, Massachusetts, North Carolina, and South Carolina; the species does not appear to be naturalized anywhere in the flora area. All the cultivated species named above are native to Mexico.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
1. Leaves 3- or 4-whorled mid stem; flowers opposite or 3- or 4-whorled; pedicels 4–25 mm. | C. aspera |
1. Leaves opposite; flowers alternate; pedicels 0–6 mm. | → 2 |
2. Stamens deeply included, extending 2/3 distance to sinus of sepals; floral tube 4–6 mm. | C. carthagenensis |
2. Stamens reaching or surpassing sinus of sepals; floral tube 5–12 mm. | → 3 |
3. Sepals equal; leaves sessile or subsessile, petiole 0–2 mm; seeds 1.5–2 mm. | → 4 |
4. Floral tube bases rounded; seed margins rounded. | C. glutinosa |
4. Floral tube bases descending spurs; seed margins flattened, thin. | C. strigulosa |
3. Sepals unequal, adaxialmost longer; leaves petiolate (at least proximally), petiole (1–)2–15(–20) mm; seeds 2–2.8 mm. | → 5 |
5. Leaf blade bases attenuate; seeds 7–10; upper petals 3–6 mm. | C. viscosissima |
5. Leaf blade bases rounded to cuneate; seeds 3–6; upper petals 1–2 mm. | C. wrightii |
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