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Canada frostweed, Canada rockrose or frostweed, crocanthème du Canada

pine barren frostweed

Habit Herbs. Herbs or subshrubs.
Stems

ascending to erect, usually red-tinged, 15–50(–65) cm, stellate-pubescent to glabrate.

ascending to erect, 10–30(–50) cm, stellate-pubescent, glabrescent.

Leaves

cauline;

petiole 1–3 mm;

blade oblanceolate-elliptic to narrowly elliptic, tapered to base, 12–30(–38) × 4–7(–10) mm, apex acute, surfaces stellate-tomentose and with scattered simple hairs abaxially, ± lustrous, sparsely stellate-pubescent and with simple hairs adaxially, lateral veins raised abaxially.

cauline;

petiole 1–5 mm;

blade bicolor, obovate-elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 12–35(–47) × 3–10(–13) mm, base cuneate, apex obtuse, surfaces stellate-pubescent, lateral veins raised abaxially.

Inflorescences

terminal or subterminal, cymes; chasmogamous flowers 1–3 per cyme, cleistogamous 1–3 per glomerule, on lateral leafy branches 6–18 cm, flowering 1–3 months later than chasmogamous.

terminal, compound dichasia in corymbiform cymes; chasmogamous flowers 1–6 per dichasium, overtopping cleistogamous, cleistogamous 10–45 per dichasium, produced simultaneously.

Pedicels

(1.5–)4–10(–17) mm, with stellate and simple hairs;

bracts absent.

6–15 mm, villous and stellate-pubescent;

bracts 2–7 × 0.2–1.2 mm.

Chasmogamous

flowers: outer sepals narrowly lanceolate, 2–6 × 0.5–1 mm, inner sepals 5–9 × 3.5–5 mm, apex acute;

petals obovate, 8–15 × 6–14 mm;

capsules 5–8 × 4–7 mm, glabrous.

flowers: outer sepals spatulate-linear, 2.4–4.5 × 0.7–1.2 mm, apex obtuse, inner sepals 3–7 × 2.5–3.6 mm, apex acute to acuminate;

petals obovate, 6–11 × 5–9.5 mm;

capsules 3.6–5.4 × 3–4 mm, glabrous.

Cleistogamous

flowers: outer sepals rudimentary, 0.2–0.5 × 0.2–0.4 mm, inner sepals obovate, 2.5–4 × 2.5–3.5 mm, apex acute;

capsules 2.3–3.5 × 2.5–3.5 mm, glabrous.

flowers: outer sepals linear, 1.8–3 × 0.3–0.9 mm, inner sepals ovate, 2.2–4.8 × 1.2–3 mm, apex acute;

capsules 1.6–3.8 × 1.4–3 mm, glabrous.

2n

= 20.

Crocanthemum canadense

Crocanthemum corymbosum

Phenology Flowering late Mar–Jul(–Aug). Flowering late Feb–Apr.
Habitat Sandy or rocky barrens, glades, sandhills, prairies, fields, roadsides, maritime grasslands and heathlands, interdunes, pine-oak woodlands, oak-hickory woodlands, rocky slopes Stable maritime dunes, maritime forests, sandy pinelands, live-oak woodlands
Elevation 0–700 m (0–2300 ft) 0–50 m (0–200 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; CT; DC; DE; GA; IA; IL; IN; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OH; PA; RI; SC; TN; VA; VT; WI; WV; NS; ON; QC
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; FL; GA; MS; NC; SC
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Crocanthemum canadense and C. dumosum are distinguished from sympatric species by simple hairs among the stellate ones on leaf surfaces and by reddish colored stems. Until the twentieth century, C. canadense was treated much more broadly, to include C. bicknellii, C. dumosum, and C. propinquum; it differs from C. bicknellii and C. propinquum by having simple hairs on foliage (versus stellate only) and larger cleistogamous capsules. Its closest relative is 7. C. dumosum; see that treatment for identification aids.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Crocanthemum corymbosum is unique in Crocanthemum because of its corymbose inflorescence of long-pedicelled petaliferous flowers overtopping subsessile, apetalous flowers. Other species may produce long-pedicelled petaliferous flowers; the inflorescence shape is different. The two flower types develop synchronously, unlike in other species except C. glomeratum. The bicolored leaves, dark adaxially and pale abaxially, are a strong field and herbarium character.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 6, p. 403. FNA vol. 6, p. 404.
Parent taxa Cistaceae > Crocanthemum Cistaceae > Crocanthemum
Sibling taxa
C. aldersonii, C. arenicola, C. bicknellii, C. carolinianum, C. corymbosum, C. dumosum, C. georgianum, C. glomeratum, C. greenei, C. nashii, C. propinquum, C. rosmarinifolium, C. scoparium, C. suffrutescens
C. aldersonii, C. arenicola, C. bicknellii, C. canadense, C. carolinianum, C. dumosum, C. georgianum, C. glomeratum, C. greenei, C. nashii, C. propinquum, C. rosmarinifolium, C. scoparium, C. suffrutescens
Synonyms Cistus canadensis, Helianthemum canadense, H. canadense var. sabulonum, Lechea major Helianthemum corymbosum, Cistus corymbosus
Name authority (Linnaeus) Britton: in N. L. Britton and A. Brown, Ill. Fl. N. U.S. ed. 2, 2: 540. (1913) (Michaux) Britton: in N. L. Britton and A. Brown, Ill. Fl. N. U.S., ed. 2, 2: 541. (1913)
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