1. Cypselae beaked (outer sometimes beakless in Hypochaeris) | → 2 |
| → 26 |
| → 3 |
| → 10 |
3. Heads usually in spiciform, paniculiform, cymiform, or corymbiform arrays (sometimes borne singly) | → 4 |
| → 5 |
4. Leaf margins spiny; calyculi 0; phyllaries in 3–5+ series, unequal; pappi of crisped (frizzy), outer and straight, coarse, inner bristles | Launaea |
4. Leaf margins not spiny; calyculi of 5–12 bractlets; phyllaries in 1(–2) series, equal; pappi of uniform bristles | Crepis |
5. Pappi of outer scales and inner bristles, or of aristate scales | → 6 |
| → 7 |
6. Cypsela beaks relatively long or 0; pappi of outer scales and inner, plumose bristles; annuals or perennials; leaves oblanceolate to oblong | Leontodon |
6. Cypsela beaks relatively short; pappi of lanceolate, apically notched, aristate scales, aristae smooth; annuals; leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate, grasslike | Uropappus |
7. Receptacles paleate; corollas pink, purple, lavender, or nearly white; perennials | Pinaropappus |
7. Receptacles usually epaleate (if paleate, corollas yellow; some Agoseris); corollas usually yellow to orange, rarely ochroleucous, pink, pinkish, purplish, or white; annuals, biennials, or perennials | → 8 |
8. Calyculi of (6–)8–18(–20) bractlets in 1–3 series; phyllaries equal; perennials | Taraxacum |
8. Calyculi 0; phyllaries equal or unequal; annuals, biennials, or perennials | → 9 |
9. Leaves entire, toothed, or pinnately lobed (not spiny); heads borne singly; corollas yellow, orange, pinkish, purplish, or white; pappi of ± barbellate bristles; annuals or perennials | Agoseris |
9. Leaves often pinnately lobed, ultimate margins dentate (spiny); heads borne singly or in spiciform or paniculiform arrays; corollas yellow to ochroleucous; pappi of crisped (frizzy), outer and straight, coarse, inner bristles; annuals or biennials | Launaea |
10. Pappi of plumose bristles or subulate scales; annuals or biennials | → 11 |
10. Pappi of smooth or barbellate bristles, or of subulate scales or awns, or of aristate scales; annuals, biennials, or perennials | → 13 |
11. Corollas white, sometimes abaxially rose- or purple-veined; calyculi of spreading to reflexed, unequal bractlets; annuals | Rafinesquia |
11. Corollas yellow, orange, purple, or pinkish to purplish; calyculi 0; annuals or biennials | → 12 |
12. Leaves linear to lance-linear or lance-attenuate, entire; peduncles inflated distally; involucres campanulate; pappi of subulate scales; biennials (winter annuals); heads borne singly; corollas yellow or purple | Tragopogon |
12. Leaves mostly obovate to oblong-obovate, the distal ovate to linear, usually pinnately lobed, sometimes dentate or entire; peduncles little, if at all, inflated distally; involucres urceolate; pappi of bristles; annuals; heads borne singly or in corymbiform arrays; corollas yellow, sometimes abaxially striped with red. | Urospermum |
| → 14 |
| → 18 |
14. Involucres narrowly cylindric, 1–2+ mm diam.; phyllaries (4–)5; florets 5; cypselae obovoid to lanceoloid | Mycelis |
14. Involucres cylindric to campanulate, 2–5 mm diam.; phyllaries 5–21; florets 6–150+; cypselae cylindric to fusiform or lanceoloid | → 15 |
15. Corollas usually bluish; cypselae lanceoloid | Mulgedium |
15. Corollas yellow to white; cypselae cylindric to fusiform | → 16 |
16. Phyllaries 8–21+; pappi: outer crowns of spreading, white hairs plus 2–3+ inner series of rufous to stramineous bristles | Pyrrhopappus |
16. Phyllaries 5–10; pappi of white bristles | → 17 |
17. Calyculi of 3–4, minute bractlets; involucres cylindric; cypselae cylindric, 5+-ribbed (without rings of scales); pappi of 40–50+ bristles | Chondrilla |
17. Calyculi of 3–10+, deltate to lanceolate bractlets; involucres campanulate to cylindric; cypselae fusiform, 10-ribbed or -winged (with rings of scales at bases of beaks); pappi of 20–30 bristles | Ixeris |
18. Peduncles inflated distally (fistulose); pappi of aristate scales | Uropappus |
18. Peduncles not inflated distally; pappi of bristles or subulate scales (not aristate) | → 19 |
19. Receptacles paleate; outer cypselae beakless; all or inner pappus bristles plumose. | Hypochaeris |
19. Receptacles epaleate; all cypselae beaked; pappus bristles usually barbellulate or smooth (sometimes plumose in Helminthotheca) | → 20 |
20. Calyculi 0; leaves spiny | Launaea |
20. Calyculi of 2–16 bractlets; leaves not spiny | → 21 |
21. Cypselae dimorphic, outer gibbous, inner ellipsoid to fusiform, not ribbed (rugulose); pappi of subulate to setiform scales | Helminthotheca |
21. Cypselae monomorphic, ellipsoid, oblong, obovoid, or lanceoloid, or cylindric to fusiform, ribbed; pappi of bristles (sometimes with minute outer crowns as well) | → 22 |
22. Cypselae ellipsoid to oblong or obovoid to lanceoloid; pappi of minute outer crowns plus inner bristles (sometimes 2–3+ series of bristles in Lactuca) | → 23 |
22. Cypselae fusiform, not or little compressed; pappi of bristles | → 24 |
23. Involucres narrowly cylindric, 1–2+ mm diam.; calyculi of 2–4 bractlets in 1 series | Mycelis |
23. Involucres campanulate to cylindric, 2–5 mm diam.; calyculi of 3– 10+ bractlets in 2–3 series | Lactuca |
24. Stems dotted with tack-glands; pappus bristles basally connate (fall- ing in rings), white | Calycoseris |
24. Stems eglandular or glandular (without tack-glands); pappus bristles distinct or inner basally connate, white to tawny | → 25 |
25. Heads usually in cymiform, corymbiform, or paniculiform arrays, sometimes borne singly; corollas usually yellow or orange, sometimes white, pink, or reddish; cypselae 10–20- ribbed | Crepis |
25. Heads borne singly; corollas white to pale yellow; cypselae 4– 5-angled or -ribbed (angles roughened) | Glyptopleura |
| → 27 |
| → 42 |
27. Pappi 0 or coroniform | → 28 |
27. Pappi of bristles and/or scales, or of aristate scales | → 31 |
28. Perennials; leaves (± fleshy) linear to oblanceolate, margins entire; calyculi 0. | Phalacroseris |
28. Annuals or biennials; leaves obovate or oblanceolate to spatulate, margins ± dentate or lobed; calyculi of 1–10+ bractlets or 0 | → 29 |
29. Leaf margins pinnately lobed; cypselae oblong, 10–13-ribbed | Lapsanastrum |
29. Leaf margins ± dentate to toothed; cypselae obovoid or subcylindric to weakly clavate, 4–5- or 8–10-ribbed | → 30 |
30. Leaves oblanceolate to spatulate; heads borne singly or 2–3; peduncles naked, inflated distally; involucres broadly campanulate to urceolate; phyllaries basally connate; cypselae obovoid, 8–10-ribbed | Arnoseris |
30. Leaves obovate; heads in corymbiform arrays; peduncles sometimes bracteate, not inflated distally; involucres cylindro-campanulate; phyllaries distinct; cypselae subcylindric or weakly clavate, 4–5-ribbed (ribs corky) | Atrichoseris |
31. Heads usually in corymbiform, paniculiform, or cymiform arrays; calyculi of 3–12 bractlets | → 32 |
31. Heads usually borne singly (sometimes in spiciform or paniculiform arrays in Launaea); calyculi 0 | → 33 |
32. Leaves entire or dentate to pinnatifid (often lyrate or runcinate); cypselae 10– 20-ribbed; pappi of usually distinct, white to tawny bristles | Crepis |
32. Leaves pinnately lobed (lyrate); cypselae 11–13-ribbed (ribs spiculate); pappi of basally connate, white bristles | Youngia |
33. Pappi of subulate or aristate scales | → 34 |
33. Pappi wholly or partly of bristles (in Leontodon, pappi of outer cypselae of scales, of inner cypselae of bristles; sometimes scales + bristles in Krigia) | → 36 |
34. Heads erect; cypselae narrowed distally; pappi of lustrous, white subulate or aristate scales (bodies narrowly lanceolate to subulate) | Nothocalaïs |
34. Heads nodding (at least in bud); cypsela apices truncate; pappus scales silvery to yellowish, brownish, or blackish (rarely white), plumose, barbellate, or barbellulate | → 35 |
35. Involucres fusiform to ovoid or globose; pappi of deltate, lanceolate, linear, oblong, orbiculate, or ovate aristate scales, aristae plumose, barbellate, or barbellulate | Microseris |
35. Involucres campanulate; pappi of narrowly lanceolate aristate scales, aristae barbellulate | Stebbinsoseris |
36. Pappi of outer cypselae of scales, of inner cypselae of plumose bristles | Leontodon |
36. Pappi of bristles or of outer scales plus inner bristles | → 37 |
37. Phyllary margins papery (wider than midribs); receptacles paleate; pappus bristles plumose | Anisocoma |
37. Phyllary margins not papery; receptacles usually epaleate (sometimes paleate in Agoseris); pappus bristles mostly smooth, barbellulate, or ± barbellate | → 38 |
38. Leaves spiny; corollas yellow to ochroleucous; pappi of crisped (frizzy), outer and coarse, straight, inner bristles | Launaea |
38. Leaves not spiny; corollas usually yellow to orange, sometimes pink, purple, or red; pappi of ± barbellate bristles | → 39 |
39. Phyllaries in 1–2 series; cypselae 10–20-nerved or -ribbed; pappi of 5 outer scales plus 5–45 inner bristles | Krigia |
39. Phyllaries in 2–5(–7) series; cypselae 8–10(–15)-ribbed; pappi of bristles in 1–6 series | → 40 |
40. Phyllaries hairy or glabrous; cypselae usually beaked (6– 31 mm) | Agoseris |
40. Phyllaries usually glabrous; cypselae not beaked (5–10 mm) | → 41 |
41. Plants taprooted; pappi of 30–80, whitish bristles | Nothocalaïs |
41. Plants rhizomatous (usually in bogs); pappi of 24–48, brownish bristles | Microseris |
42. Pappi 0, or of scales or aristate scales, or of awns plus bristles, or coroniform | → 43 |
42. Pappi wholly or mostly of bristles (sometimes with minute outer scales) | → 54 |
| → 44 |
43. Pappi of scales or aristate scales, or of awns or subulate scales plus bristles, or coroniform | → 47 |
44. Stems winged, wings spiny; receptacles paleate | Scolymus |
44. Stems not winged; receptacles epaleate | → 45 |
45. Heads borne singly; florets 5–35; cypselae ± monomorphic (1.3–1.7 mm). | Krigia |
45. Heads in corymbiform or thyrsiform arrays; florets 5–15; cypselae heteromorphic (3–25 mm, outer longer than inner) | → 46 |
46. Leaves ovate to suborbiculate, coarsely dentate; heads in corymbiform to thyrsiform arrays; cypselae subcylindric (curved), terete to slightly compressed, ± 20-ribbed | Lapsana |
46. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to linear, entire or dentate to pinnately lobed; heads in ± corymbiform arrays; cypselae ± terete (outer straight or arcuate, inner straight to coiled), not ribbed | Rhagadiolus |
47. Corollas usually blue, sometimes pink or white; cypselae prismatic, 3–5-angled; pappi coroniform (erose scales) | Cichorium |
47. Corollas orange or yellow to white or pink to lavender; cypselae columnar or cylindric to fusiform or obconic, 6–15-ribbed; pappi usually of scales (scales sometimes aristate), sometimes of awns or subulate scales plus bristles, or coroniform (Krigia wrightii, annuals, cypselae 1.3–1.6 mm) | → 48 |
48. Phyllaries enfolding outer cypselae | → 49 |
48. Phyllaries not enfolding outer cypselae | → 50 |
49. Peduncles inflated distally; calyculi of 3–10+, deltate to lanceolate bractlets; phyllaries 5–13+ in 1 series; florets 8–30+; cypselae cylindric to fusiform, 12–15-ribbed; pappi of outer cypselae coroniform (short scales), of inner cypselae of lance-aristate to subulate-aristate scales (0–5+ outer and 5+ inner) | Hedypnois |
49. Peduncles not inflated distally; calyculi of 8–13, linear to filiform bractlets; phyllaries 20–25+ in 2+ series; florets 30–100+; cypselae columnar, 6–8(–10)-ribbed; pappi of setiform scales plus smooth or barbellate bristles | Tolpis |
50. Heads ± nodding (at least in bud); pappi of aristate scales | → 51 |
50. Heads erect; pappi of setiform, subulate, or aristate scales or of awns or subulate scales plus bristles | → 52 |
51. Perennials; involucres campanulate, fusiform, ovoid, or globose; pappus scales deltate, lanceolate, linear, oblong, orbiculate, or ovate, aristae plumose, barbellate, or barbellulate | Microseris |
51. Annuals; involucres campanulate; pappus scales narrowly lanceolate, aristae barbellulate | Stebbinsoseris |
52. Perennials; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, entire; corollas pale lavender to white; cypselae 5-angled or -ridged; pappi of awns or subulate scales plus bristles | Chaetadelpha |
52. Annuals, biennials, or perennials; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong to lanceolate or linear, entire or pinnately lobed; corollas white, yellow, or purplish; cypselae sometimes 10-nerved; pappi of setiform, subulate, or aristate scales | → 53 |
53. Leaves oblong or lanceolate to oblanceolate or linear, spiny; involucres campanulate to urceolate; receptacles paleate; corollas yellow; cypselae obovoid, ribs 0; pappi (0 or) of 2–4 setiform to aristate scales plus 0–4 muticous to lanceolate scales. | Scolymus |
53. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate or linear, not spiny; involucres ovoid to cylindric; receptacles epaleate; corollas whitish to yellow or purplish; cypselae columnar to obclavate or fusiform, not compressed, usually 10-nerved; pappi of 28–50+ plumose to barbellate, subulate to setiform scales | Scorzonera |
| Munzothamnus |
54. Annuals, biennials, or perennials | → 55 |
55. Corollas yellow, orange, ochroleucous, pinkish to reddish, or white (sometimes abaxially pinkish, reddish, or purplish) | → 56 |
55. Corollas usually purple, lavender, pink, or blue, sometimes white, rarely yellow | → 62 |
56. Leaves spiny (on margins, bases often auriculate); phyllaries in 3–5+ series | → 57 |
56. Leaves not spiny (bases not auriculate); phyllaries in 1–2+, or 2–3, or 4–6 series | → 58 |
57. Involucres 3–5 mm diam.; phyllaries 18–25; cypselae weakly compressed, cylindric to prismatic or fusiform, 4–5-ribbed (or grooved), ribs muricate; pappi of crisped (frizzy, often basally coherent or connate), outer plus straight, coarse, inner bristles | Launaea |
57. Involucres 5–15+ mm diam.; phyllaries 27–50; cypselae compressed, oblong or oblanceoloid to elliptic, 2–4(–5)-ribbed, smooth, rugose, or tuberculate; pappi of distinct outer bristles plus basally coherent or connate inner bristles | Sonchus |
| → 59 |
58. Calyculi usually of 3–16+ bractlets (sometimes intergrading with phyllaries) | → 60 |
59. Heads borne singly; corollas yellow to orange; pappi (usually 2-seriate): outer of 5+ scales, inner of 5–45 bristles | Krigia |
59. Heads in corymbiform to paniculiform arrays; corollas yellow to white; pappi (1 or 2-seriate): outer pappi 0, or of minute teeth plus 0–6 bristles, inner (or only) pappi of 15–35, basally coherent bristles | Malacothrix |
60. Perennials; phyllaries in 2+ series; cypselae columnar or prismatic to ± urceolate | Hieracium |
60. Annuals, biennials, or perennials; phyllaries in 1–2 series; cypselae subcylindric to fusiform | → 61 |
61. Corollas yellow or orange (white, pink, reddish), not abaxially reddish; cypselae 10–20-ribbed, sometimes spiculate; pappi persistent, of distinct bristles | Crepis |
61. Corollas yellow, often abaxially reddish; cypselae 5–10-ribbed, transversely rugulose; pappi falling, of basally connate bristles | Picris |
| → 63 |
| → 65 |
63. Pappus bristles distinct, plumose (at least distally) | Stephanomeria |
63. Pappus bristles basally connate, smooth or barbellulate | → 64 |
64. Stems glandular-puberulent to glabrescent; leaves basal and cauline, blades spatulate to oblanceolate or minute, margins irregularly dentate to runcinate, often spinulose; peduncles minutely bracteate; cypselae columnar (tapering slightly proximally), 5-ribbed | Prenanthella |
64. Stems glabrous; leaves cauline (opposite proximally), blades linear, margins entire; peduncles ebracteate; cypselae subcylindric (apices abruptly constricted), 10-ribbed | Shinnersoseris |
65. Heads (usually nodding) in racemiform, thyrsiform, corymbiform, or paniculiform arrays; corollas usually white to pink or lavender, rarely yellow | Prenanthes |
65. Heads (erect) usually borne singly (sometimes in ± corymbiform to paniculiform arrays); corollas usually bluish, pink to lavender, or rose, rarely white | → 66 |
66. Leaves oblong, elliptic, or ovate to lanceolate or linear; phyllaries 8–13+ in 1–2 series; florets (1–)15–50+; cypselae compressed, lanceoloid | Mulgedium |
66. Leaves linear to oblong (distal sometimes bractlike or subulate distally); phyllaries 3–10 in ± 1 series; florets 3–16; cypselae not compressed, columnar | → 67 |
67. Stems rigid, spine-tipped (thorny); leaves cauline, entire; phyllaries 3–5; florets 3–5 | Pleiacanthus |
67. Stems not spine-tipped; leaves basal and cauline, entire, dentate, or pinnately lobed; phyllaries 4–10; florets (4–)5–16 | → 68 |
68. Cypselae subcylindric, subterete, angled, or sulcate; pappus bristles barbellate | Lygodesmia |
68. Cypselae columnar, 5-angled; pappus bristles (wholly or partly) plumose | Stephanomeria |