Crepis capillaris
Crepis
crépis capillaire, smooth hawk's-beard
crépis, hawksbeard
1(–6+), erect to ± procumbent, usually simple (usually with single stout leader, sometimes multiple with slender laterals), hispid proximally or throughout.
1–20+, erect to decumbent, simple (sometimes scapiform) or branched, usually striate, glabrous or hairy, often densely hispid or setose (hairs often stipitate-glandular).
basal and cauline; petiolate (petiole bases clasping);
blades lanceolate or oblanceolate, runcinate or lyrate, 5–30 × 1–4.5 cm, margins pinnately divided to sharply dentate (lobes remote, unequal), apices obtuse or acute, mucronate, faces glabrous or sparsely hispid (hairs yellow; proximal cauline auriculate and clasping).
basal (often in rosettes) and cauline; petiolate (at least basal, petioles ± winged);
basal blades mostly elliptic, ovate, or lanceolate to linear, or spatulate to oblanceolate, often lyrate or runcinate, margins entire, dentate, serrate, toothed, or pinnately lobed, lobes sometimes toothed;
cauline usually present, lobed or entire, usually reduced in size and lobing distally.
not inflated distally, not bracteate.
cylindric to turbinate, 5–8 × 3–6 mm.
cylindric to campanulate (sometimes becoming turbinate in fruit), 4–15 mm diam.
flat or convex, usually pitted, glabrous or hairy, epaleate [paleate, paleae narrow, thin].
20–60;
corollas deep yellow (reddish abaxially), 8–12 mm (hairy).
5–100+;
corollas usually yellow or orange, sometimes white, pink, or reddish.
8–16, lanceolate, 6–7 mm (margins scarious), apices acute, abaxial faces stipitate-glandular and glandular setose (setae black, usually in 2 rows), adaxial glabrous.
5–18 in 1–2 series, lanceolate, equal or subequal, (bases becoming thickened and keeled, keels sometimes pronounced in fruit) margins green to yellowish, often scarious, apices acute to acuminate, abaxial faces glabrous, tomentose, or setose, sometimes stipitate-glandular, adaxial glabrous or with appressed hairs.
of 8, linear, tomentulose or stipitate-glandular bractlets 2–4 mm.
of 5–12, reduced, subulate to lanceolate or deltate bractlets in ± 1 series, mostly unequal, glabrous, tomentulose, or setose.
10–15(–30+), in corymbiform arrays.
(erect) usually in cymiform, corymbiform, or paniculiform arrays, sometimes borne singly.
brownish yellow, fusiform, 1.5–2.5 mm, apices narrowed (not beaked), ribs 10 (glabrous or scabrous);
pappi white (fluffy), 3–4 mm (scarcely surpassing phyllaries).
monomorphic or dimorphic, yellow, brown, green, red, and/or black, subcylindric or fusiform, terete or subterete, usually curved, apices tapered or beaked, ribs 10–20, sometimes spiculate-roughened, faces glabrous or hispidulous;
pappi persistent or falling, of 80–150, usually distinct, sometimes basally connate, white to tawny, coarse to fine, ± equal (or outer shorter), barbellulate bristles in 1–2 series.
= 3, 4, 5, 6, 11.
= 6.
Crepis capillaris
Crepis
Crepis capillaris is recognized by its shallow root system, dense rosettes of coarsely dentate or pinnately lobed leaves, erect slender stems, auriculate-based cauline leaves, relatively small heads, phyllaries with double rows of black setae, and fluffy white pappi. It is weedy and can become a serious lawn pest. It is one of only three species of Crepis with 2n = 6; E. B. Babcock (1947) considered it to be advanced in the genus.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Species ca. 200 (24 in the flora).
Crepis is generally recognized by the rosettes of coarse, often pinnately lobed leaves, erect heads, epaleate receptacles, calyculate involucres, yellow corollas, subcylindric or fusiform, ribbed cypselae, and pappi of barbellulate bristles. The taxonomy and evolutionary relationships of Crepis were studied by E. B. Babcock (1947) and his associates. Their work was thorough and important because of the effort to incorporate cytogenetic information in the evolutionary analysis. Extensive survey of chromosome number and karyotype indicated two major ploidy groups in Crepis, corresponding to New World and Old World species complexes. Of the 12 species of Crepis native to North America, 10 are polyploids with x = 11. The core diploid populations commonly occupy discrete ecologic zones and are thought to be entirely distinct from one another, yet they are interconnected by a continuous complex series of intergrading polyploid forms that are partly or completely apomictic (Babcock). The polyploids are of two forms, autopolyploids that are similar to the diploids, and allopolyploids that combine the characteristics of two or more diploid species. The allopolyploid forms of hybrid origin may exhibit the characteristics of multiple parental species and therefore are difficult to classify. Some of the heterogeneous apomictic populations, or groups of populations, have been grouped together and recognized as subspecies; those taxa are often difficult to identify and further study is clearly needed. Despite these difficulties, the subspecific taxa of Babcock were tentatively included in the present study. The Old World species are mostly diploid (n = 3, 4, 5, or 6). Babcock concluded that there was a progressive decrease in the chromosome numbers, from n = 6 to n = 3. Along with the decrease is a corresponding increase in chromosome asymmetry and reduction in chromosome length.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
1. Annuals or biennials (perennials; taproots usually shallow) | → 2 |
1. Perennials (taproots and caudices becoming woody) | → 11 |
2. Stems branched (dichotomously, heads sessile in axils); phyllaries lanceolate (inner becoming indurate, often enclosing and partially fused to cypselae) | C. zacintha |
2. Stems branched (not dichotomously); phyllaries lanceolate to lance-linear (free from cypselae) | → 3 |
3. Cypselae not beaked (apices sometimes ± narrowed) | → 4 |
3. Cypselae (at least inner) beaked | → 8 |
4. Stems (at least proximally) hispid and stipitate-glandular (viscid) | C. pulchra |
4. Stems glabrate, glabrescent, hispid, ± setose, tomentose, or tomentulose (not viscid) | → 5 |
5. Adaxial faces of phyllaries ± appressed-hairy (hairs white, shiny, 0.1–0.2+ mm) | → 6 |
5. Adaxial faces of phyllaries glabrous | → 7 |
6. Annuals; abaxial faces of phyllaries tomentose to hispidulous; cypselae reddish or purplish brown, 3–4 mm; pappi 4–5 mm | C. tectorum |
6. Biennials; abaxial faces of phyllaries ± canescent-tomentose; cypselae yellowish or reddish brown, 4–7 mm; pappi 5–7 mm | C. biennis |
7. Involucres 5–8 mm; phyllaries glandular-setose (setae black, in 2 rows); cypselae 1.5–2.5 mm | C. capillaris |
7. Involucres 8–10 mm; phyllaries glabrous or glabrate; cypselae 2.5–4 mm | C. nicaeensis |
8. Cypselae dimorphic | → 9 |
8. Cypselae usually monomorphic | → 10 |
9. Stems scapiform; heads 1–2 (borne singly); corollas pink or white | C. rubra |
9. Stems branched; heads 3–10+; corollas mostly yellow, usually reddish purple abaxially | C. foetida |
10. Stems coarsely setose or hispid (setae yellowish); calyculi of 10–14 bractlets (not reflexed); cypselae reddish brown, beaks 1–2 mm | C. setosa |
10. Stems glabrate or hispid and/or tomentose, sometimes sparsely setose (setae black); calyculi of 5–12 bractlets (reflexed); cypselae pale brown or yellowish, beaks 2–5 mm | C. vesicaria |
11. Plants glabrous | → 12 |
11. Plants usually ± hairy, sometimes glabrous | → 14 |
12. Stems arcuate or decumbent, scapiform; heads 2–3; cypselae beaked (beak lengths nearly 2 times bodies) | C. bursifolia |
12. Stems ± erect or ascending, usually branched; heads 5–10(–100); cypselae seldom beaked (beaks relatively short) | → 13 |
13. Stems in dense clumps (plants often rhizomatous), simple or branched proximally; leaves 2–9 × 0.5–2.5 cm; involucres 8–13 mm; cypselae subcylindric to fusiform, apices sometimes tapered or narrowed, not beaked, ribs 10–13, broad, smooth; alpine habitats | C. nana |
13. Stems in loose clumps (plants taprooted, roots vertical), branched dichotomously distally; leaves 1–4 × 0.5–1.5 cm; involucres 8–10 mm; cypselae fusiform, apices beaked (beaks 1–2 mm), ribs 10, narrow, minutely spiculate- roughened; stream banks, gravel bars | C. elegans |
14. Leaves usually entire or weakly dentate, sometimes closely dentate, serrate, or pinnately lobed | → 15 |
14. Leaves usually pinnately lobed or sharply serrate | → 16 |
15. Stems scapiform; leaves mostly basal (rosettes), cauline leaves reduced; involucres turbinate-campanulate, 10–12 × 8–12 mm | C. runcinata |
15. Stems branched distally; leaves mostly cauline (blades broadly oblanceolate to elliptic); involucres cylindro-campanulate, 10–15 × 6–12 mm | C. pannonica |
16. Stems usually densely setose, stipitate-glandular (setae 1–3 mm) | C. monticola |
16. Stems usually tomentose or tomentulose, sometimes glabrate or bristly-setose (setae or hairs to 1 mm) | → 17 |
17. Phyllaries tomentose to tomentulose and/or setose (setae blackish, green, or whitish); cypselae dark to olive, greenish, or reddish brown, yellowish, or blackish, weakly ribbed or striate | → 18 |
17. Phyllaries usually glabrous, tomentose or tomentulose, sometimes stipitate-glandular or sparsely setose (setae black); cypselae yellowish or reddish brown or dark to blackish green, distinctly ribbed | → 19 |
18. Plants 5–35 cm; heads 1–9; involucres 11–21 × 5–10 mm; phyllaries densely tomentose or setose | C. modocensis |
18. Plants 20–80 cm; heads 15–20+; involucres 9–17 × 4–7 mm; phyllaries tomentulose and coarsely green-setose | C. barbigera |
19. Phyllaries 5–8; florets 5–10(–15) | → 20 |
19. Phyllaries 7–18; florets 6–40 | → 21 |
20. Heads 7–10(–30) in corymbiform arrays; phyllaries densely tomentulose near margins (strongly keeled, medians usually glabrous); cypselae reddish brown | C. pleurocarpa |
20. Heads 30–70(–100+) in compound, corymbiform arrays; phyllaries usually glabrous, sometimes evenly tomentose (not strongly keeled); cypselae yellowish or brown | C. acuminata |
21. Leaf lobes narrowly lanceolate or linear; cypselae dark or blackish green, apices tapered, not beaked | C. atribarba |
21. Leaf lobes deltate or broadly lanceolate; cypselae yellowish or brownish, apices narrowed to strongly tapered | → 22 |
22. Plants 25–60 cm; heads (10–)20–60, in ± flat-topped, compound, corymbiform arrays; involucres narrowly cylindric, 3–5 mm diam.; florets 7–12 | C. intermedia |
22. Plants 8–40 cm; heads (1–)2–22, in corymbiform, cymiform, or paniculiform arrays; involucres cylindric, 5–15 mm diam.; florets 9–40. | → 23 |
23. Stems hispid, sometimes stipitate-glandular distally; leaves: faces gray-tomentose; phyllaries sometimes stipitate-glandular | C. occidentalis |
23. Stems sparsely to densely tomentose, often stipitate-glandular proximally; leaves: faces sparsely to densely tomentose, stipitate-glandular (midribs red in fresh specimens): phyllar- ies conspicuously stipitate-glandular | C. bakeri |
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