Crataegus douglasii |
Crataegus padifolia |
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black hawthorn, Douglas' hawthorn |
bird-cherry hawthorn |
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Habit | Shrubs, 40–80 dm. | Shrubs or trees, 40–60 dm. | ||||
Stems | 1-year old twigs deep tan to dark mahogany, ± shiny young, older gray to dark gray, often showing brown or alternatively tan-brown eastward; thorns on twigs straight or slightly recurved, deep brown young, (1.5–)2–3.5 cm. |
twigs: new growth reddish green, glabrous, 1-year old deep red-brown, 2-years old dark gray-black, older grayish; thorns on twigs sometimes absent, straight or slightly recurved, 2-years old blackish, slender, 2–4 cm. |
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Leaves | petiole 0.7–1.5 cm, pubescent young, slightly glandular; blade usually elliptic to broadly elliptic or subrhombic (elliptic-obovate when lobes very small), 4–7 cm, lobes 2–4 per side, sinuses shallow, LII 10–20%, lobe apex subobtuse to acute, margins coarsely, sharply serrate, teeth small, gland-tipped young, venation craspedodromous, veins 4 or 5 per side, apex acute to obtuse, abaxial surface usually glabrous except on veins, adaxial densely short-appressed-pubescent. |
petiole 1 mm wide, length 33–40% blade, glabrous, sparsely glandular; blade deep glossy green, ± elliptic (var. padifolia) or ovate (var. incarnata), 3–5 cm, base cuneate or broadly cuneate to rounded or subtruncate, lobes 0, or 3 or 4 per side (enlarged toothlike apiculi in var. padifolia or larger in var. incarnata), sinuses shallow, lobe apex very short and acute to ± obtuse, margins serrate at least young teeth gland-tipped, teeth gland-tipped, veins 4–7 per side, apex subacute to obtuse, surfaces glabrous, adaxial larger veins sparsely short-hairy. |
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Inflorescences | 10–25-flowered; branches glabrous; bracteole margins stipitate- or sessile-glandular. |
3–6-flowered; branches glabrous; bracteole margins stipitate-glandular. |
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Flowers | 10–15 mm diam.; hypanthium glabrous; sepals broadly triangular, 3–4 mm, margins sparsely glandular, adaxially glabrous; stamens 10, anthers pink; styles 3 or 4. |
15–18 mm diam.; hypanthium glabrous; sepals 4 mm, margins finely glandular-serrate distally, abaxially glabrous; stamens 10, anthers cream, flushed pink; styles 2 or 3. |
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Pomes | vinous and usually waxy glaucous young, dull black mature, usually ellipsoid, 6–8 mm diam., glabrous; sepal remnants reflexed, apex obtuse; pyrenes 3 or 4, sides excavated, sometimes only shallowly. |
dull orange-brown to ± shiny, red-orange to red, ± oblong, 12–14 mm diam., glabrous; sepals sessile, patent-reflexed; pyrenes 2 or 3. |
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2n | = 68. |
= 51. |
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Crataegus douglasii |
Crataegus padifolia |
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Phenology | Flowering May–Jun; fruiting Sep–Oct. | |||||
Habitat | Brush, old fields, fencerows, woodland edges | |||||
Elevation | 50–1600 m (200–5200 ft) | |||||
Distribution |
AK; CA; ID; MI; MN; MT; OR; WA; WI; AB; BC; ON; SK
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AR; MO; OK |
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Discussion | Crataegus douglasii occurs from southern and western British Columbia to the panhandle of Alaska and ranges to northern California and the Rocky Mountains of Idaho, Montana, and southwestern Alberta. Disjunct populations occur farther east in the Cypress Hills (Alberta and Saskatchewan), the Montana montane islands, and around the northern Great Lakes. In western North America, C. douglasii is found mainly near water in drier areas; in more mesic regions, it may occur in open woodlands. In the Great Lakes area, it mainly occurs in old pastures and on fencerows. Crataegus douglasii is distinguished from C. gaylussacia by having ten stamens and is rather variable in leaf shape and size. The species is distinguished from C. okennonii by the latter usually being taller and typically more erect as well as having a usually straight, single trunk, shorter thorns, ampulliform-orbicular fruit, and often purplish crimson fall foliage. Crataegus castlegarensis is the most similar species, and beyond possessing relatively few to many multiple thorns, it is distinguished from C. douglasii by its hairy hypanthia, pedicels, and, often, fruit, which is orbicular, plump, crimson to purple in late August, ripening to deep purple (sometimes black) at a time when sympatric C. douglasii is fully black. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Varieties 2 (2 in the flora). Crataegus padifolia is rare, confirmed only for the Ozark region of Arkansas and southern Missouri. Occasional specimens from southern Appalachia may prove to belong here. Crataegus padifolia is one of the less typical taxa usually placed in ser. Intricatae as it lacks the characteristic elevated fruiting calyx. The two varieties, at least in their more extreme forms, could pass for different species but too little material is available on which to justify a change of status. Crataegus fortunata Sargent from Pennsylvania has yellow fruit but is otherwise similar and may belong here. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 9, p. 512. | FNA vol. 9, p. 592. | ||||
Parent taxa | Rosaceae > subfam. Amygdaloideae > tribe Maleae > Crataegus > sect. Douglasia > ser. Douglasianae | Rosaceae > subfam. Amygdaloideae > tribe Maleae > Crataegus > sect. Coccineae > ser. Intricatae | ||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||
Synonyms | C. columbiana, C. tennowana | C. intricata var. padifolia | ||||
Name authority | Lindley: Edwards's Bot. Reg. 21: plate 1810. (1835) | Sargent: Trees & Shrubs 2: 75, plate 135. (1908) | ||||
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