Collinsia
Collinsia heterophylla
blue-eyed Mary, Chinese-houses, collinsia
Chinese houses, innocence, purple Chinese-houses
erect to ascending or decumbent, glabrous or hairy, often glandular.
erect to ascending.
cauline, opposite;
petiole present on proximals, absent on distals;
blade not fleshy (fleshy in C. callosa), not leathery, margins entire, sometimes toothed.
blades lanceolate-deltate, margins serrate.
terminal, interrupted whorls or flowers solitary;
bracts present.
glabrous or hairy, ± glandular;
whorls 2–7 on main axis;
nodes 2–7-flowered;
flowers crowded;
distalmost bracts linear to lanceolate, 5–6 mm.
present;
bracteoles present, distalmost sometimes absent.
ascending to spreading, shorter than calyx, not or scarcely visible.
bisexual;
sepals 5, connate, calyx bilaterally symmetric, urceolate or cup-shaped to campanulate, lobes deltate to ovate, inner face glabrous or white-hairy (C. antonina);
corolla white, pink, purple, or blue with markings on adaxial lobes, bilaterally symmetric, bilabiate, tubular to funnelform, tube base not spurred abaxially, ± saccate or gibbous (forming a prominent or obscure pouch) adaxially, lobes 5, abaxial 3, 2 as wings, middle lobe of abaxial lip (keel) folded lengthwise, enclosing stamens and styles, adaxial 2, distal portion spreading to reflexed (banner);
stamens 4, adnate near base of throat, didynamous, included, filaments glabrous or hairy, spur 0 or 1;
staminode 1, glandlike;
ovary 2-loculed, placentation axile;
stigma minutely 2-lobed.
calyx lobes linear to ovate, equal to capsule, apex subacute to acute;
corolla red-purple, rarely white, banner white to lavender or tipped dark violet, maroon spots near center and forming horizontal lines near base, wings whitish to rose purple, keel usually with darker red tip, 10–20 mm, usually glabrous;
tube hairy inside, as wide as long, saccate basally, adaxial pouch prominent and ± square;
banner length 0.6–0.9 times wings, lobe base without folds;
stamens: abaxial filaments glabrous, adaxials hairy, basal spur 1.
capsules, dehiscence septicidal and loculicidal.
2–16, reddish brown, brown, or cinnamon red, oblong, ellipsoid, ovoid, or globular, rarely prismatic or hourglass-shaped, margins thickened and inrolled proximally, or thin and not inrolled, hollow near attachment to placenta, wings absent, rarely present.
6–12, ovate, 1.5–2 mm, margins slightly thickened, inrolled.
= 7.
= 14.
Collinsia
Collinsia heterophylla
Species 21 (21 in the flora).
The flowers in Collinsia resemble those of Fabaceae subfam. Faboideae. The two lobes of the adaxial corolla lip are partially connate and distally reflexed; these lobes, the banner, often contain taxon-specific markings. The three lobes of the abaxial lip are more complexly connate: the two lateral lobes are referred to as wings; the central lobe, the keel, is folded, curved along its distal portion, and concealed by the wings. The keel encloses the stamens, style, and stigma.
In species with purple or blue corollas, some plants produce white or pink corollas. The frequency of such plants is usually very low in most species. The frequency of such plants in Collinsia heterophylla is much higher in the South Coast Ranges of California, and this trait appears to have reached fixation in some populations.
In taxa that are conspicuously glandular, a reaction occurs when the glands are ruptured, either when handled roughly in the field or when pressed for preservation as a specimen. The ruptured glands will cause a stain that is initially iron yellow-orange and later becomes purplish.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Varieties 2 (2 in the flora).
Collinsia heterophylla is the most widespread and frequently encountered species in California. There is structure in phylogenetic analysis of northern and southern populations (that is, paraphyly of southern populations) suggesting northward expansion and evidence for introgression with C. tinctoria (B. G. Baldwin et al. 2011) in the southern Sierra Nevada (Kern County and possibly Fresno County). This species is often confused with other collinsias that have tiered whorls of flowers, most frequently with C. bartsiifolia and C. concolor, which both lack the bold horizontal line present at the base of the adaxial corolla lip of C. heterophylla. Plants with reduced corolla pigmentation, nearly white, are uncommon outside of the South Coast Ranges and are often misidentified as C. bartsiifolia.
Collinsia bicolor Bentham, which pertains here, is a later homonym of C. bicolor Rafinesque, a synonym of 1. C. verna.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
1. Corollas ± uniformly dark purple, rarely pale pinkish purple, banner lobe bases with 2-crested, crescent-shaped folds extending 1–1.5 mm from throat openings. | C. greenei |
1. Corollas uniformly pale, or with pale regions, especially on throats and bases of banners, banner lobe bases with folds not 2-crested, not crescent-shaped, extending less than 1 mm from throat openings, or folds absent. | → 2 |
2. Flowers crowded; pedicels shorter than calyces, not or scarcely visible. | → 3 |
3. Stamens: basal spurs of adaxial filaments 1. | C. heterophylla |
3. Stamens: basal spurs of adaxial filaments 0 or 1. | → 4 |
4. Banner lengths 0.7–0.9+ times wings. | → 5 |
5. Corollas ± uniformly whitish to pinkish, banner lobes toothed; leaf blade margins crenate. | C. bartsiifolia |
5. Corollas tinged bluish, distally violet to magenta, banner purple-dotted near base, banner lobes notched; leaf blade margins entire, rarely serrate. | C. concolor |
4. Banner lengths less than 0.8 times wings. | → 6 |
6. Banner lengths 0.5–0.8 times wings. | C. bartsiifolia |
6. Banner lengths 0.1–0.5 times wings. | → 7 |
7. Leaf blade abaxial surfaces glabrous; inflorescences: flower whorls 1 per branch; banner reflexed portion 1 mm, shorter than basal portion, brownish, not red-banded; wings sparsely and finely glandular, not hairy; sand dunes. | C. corymbosa |
7. Leaf blade abaxial surfaces densely hairy; inflorescences: flower whorls 2–8 on main axes, fewer on lateral branches; banner reflexed portion 2–3.5 mm, equal to basal portion, red-banded; wings usually hairy adaxially; rocky habitats. | C. tinctoria |
2. Flowers not crowded proximally; pedicels longer than calyces, visible, distalmost sometimes not or scarcely visible (C. multicolor). | → 8 |
8. calyx lobes: inner face white-hairy; siliceous shale screes. | C. antonina |
8. calyx lobes: inner face glabrous; rocky, gravelly, sandy, or loamy soils, rarely on siliceous shale screes. | → 9 |
9. calyx lobe apices acute to acuminate. | → 10 |
10. Stamens: adaxial filaments glabrous; calyx lobes equal to capsules. | → 11 |
11. Corollas 8–15 mm, wings 2–6 mm wide, widely obovate, throats strongly angled to tubes. | C. grandiflora |
11. Corollas 4–8 mm, wings 1(–3) mm wide, oblong, throats barely angled to tubes. | C. parviflora |
10. Stamens: adaxial filaments hairy; calyx lobes surpassing capsules. | → 12 |
12. Keels sparsely long-hairy near tips; capsules with red blotches; seeds round, margins thin, not inrolled. | C. sparsiflora |
12. Keels glabrous or sparsely glandular; capsules without red blotches; seeds oblong to oval, margins thickened, inrolled. | → 13 |
13. Banner bases white, with maroon dots and lines, rarely unmarked. | C. multicolor |
13. Banner bases yellow, with maroon or orange spots. | → 14 |
14. Pedicels glandular abaxially, glabrate adaxially; corolla wings and keels bluish, wings notched less than 0.1 times whole lengths, banner lengths (0.7–)0.8–1 times wings, bases with maroon spots; seeds 2–4, 2–3 mm. | C. verna |
14. Pedicels glandular abaxially and adaxially; corolla wings and keels violet, wings notched 0.2 times whole lengths, banner lengths 0.6–0.7(–0.8) times wings, bases with orange spots; seeds 6–12, 1–1.5 mm. | C. violacea |
9. calyx lobe apices subacute, obtuse, or rounded. | → 15 |
15. Inflorescences ± eglandular. | C. parryi |
15. Inflorescences conspicuously glandular. | → 16 |
16. Pedicels pendent and/or sigmoid in fruit, sometimes reflexed; distalmost bracts 0–2 mm. | → 17 |
17. Wings surpassing keel by 1–2 mm. | C. wrightii |
17. Wings equal to keel. | → 18 |
18. Leaf blades linear, lengths usually 6+ times widths. | C. torreyi |
18. Leaf blades elliptic to ovate, lengths usually 2–5 times widths. | C. latifolia |
16. Pedicels spreading to ascending; distalmost bracts 2+ mm. | → 19 |
19. Leaf blades oblong to ovate, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, lengths usually less than 6 times widths. | → 20 |
20. Annuals fleshy; distal leaf blade bases clasping; seeds 6–8; calyces campanulate to urceolate, lobes equal to capsules. | C. callosa |
20. Annuals not fleshy; distal leaf blade bases tapered; seeds 2; calyces campanulate, lobes surpassing capsules. | C. childii |
19. Leaf blades linear to narrowly oblanceolate, lengths usually 6+ times widths. | → 21 |
21. Corollas 8–12(–15) mm, pouches prominent, throats strongly angled to tubes, banner reflexed portion lengths 1.5–2 times throats; seeds round to oblong, margins thin, scarcely inrolled. | C. linearis |
21. Corollas 4–8 mm, pouches ± hidden by calyces, throats barely angled to tubes, banner reflexed portion lengths 1 times throats; seeds oblong to ovate, margins thickened, inrolled. | C. rattanii |
1. Corollas (13–)15–20 mm; leaf blade abaxial surfaces glabrous, midveins rarely hairy; banner lengths 0.8–0.9 times wings, reflexed portions 4+ times basal portions. | var. heterophylla |
1. Corollas 10–15(–18) mm; leaf blade abaxial surfaces sparsely hairy; banner lengths 0.6–0.8 times wings, reflexed portions 2–3 times basal portions. | var. austromontana |
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