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yellowwood

Kentucky yellow-wood, yellowwood

Habit Trees, unarmed. Trees to 20 m, canopy to 16 m, rounded; bark gray to gray-brown, thin, smooth.
Stems

ascending, glabrous.

reddish brown when young.

Leaves

alternate, odd-pinnate, axillary buds enclosed in petiole base;

stipules absent;

petiolate;

leaflets 5–9[–15], alternate, stipels absent, blade margins entire, surfaces pubescent abaxially, glabrous adaxially.

20–26 cm;

buds pubescent, hairs rusty;

petiole green to greenish brown, (1–)3.3–5 cm, glabrous;

leaflets: pulvinus glabrous or sparsely pubescent, hairs yellow to rusty;

proximal blades ovate, 30–95 × 25–60 mm, terminal blades obovate, ovate, elliptic, or broadly elliptic, 60–170 × 50–110 mm, base rounded or acute, apex acuminate, surfaces sparsely to densely pubescent abaxially at base near or on midvein, hairs white, glabrous adaxially.

Panicles

pendulous, 20–50 × 7–22 cm.

Inflorescences

25–75+-flowered, terminal, panicles, pendulous;

bracts absent.

Peduncles

1.5–8 cm.

Pedicels

1–2 cm.

Flowers

papilionaceous;

calyx slightly zygomorphic, tubular, lobes 5, connate basally 1/2 length;

corolla white [pink];

stamens 10, monadelphous, slightly connate at base;

anthers dorsifixed.

calyx 7.2–11.2 × 9.6–14.9 mm, densely pubescent, hairs white to yellow;

abaxial lobe 0.4–2.4 × 0.9–2.7 mm;

lateral lobes 1.1–2.5 × 2.2–3.2 mm;

adaxial lobes 1–2.4 × 2.4–6.7 mm;

corolla 10–19 mm, banner reflexed, orbiculate, 12.3–18.3 × 10–15.7 mm, base cuneate, claw 4–7 mm;

wings lanceolate, 12–18.9 × 5.1–7.7 mm, base auriculate, claw 5–8 mm;

keel lanceolate, 10.7–18.2 × 6.1–9 mm, base auriculate, margins overlapping, folded together;

stamens unequal;

ovary densely pubescent, hairs white or yellow.

Fruits

legumes, sessile, compressed laterally, straight, elliptic to linear, apex acute, dehiscent, glabrous or slightly pubescent.

Legumes

70–80 mm, base cuneate, apex acute.

Seeds

[1–]5–8, brown, reniform.

x

= 14.

2n

= 28.

Cladrastis

Cladrastis kentukea

Phenology Flowering May; fruiting Sep–Oct.
Habitat Mesic broadleaf forests.
Elevation 20–1200 m. (100–3900 ft.)
Distribution
from USDA
sc United States; se United States; e Asia
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; AR; GA; IL; IN; KY; LA; MO; MS; NC; OK; SC; TN
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Species 6 (1 in the flora).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Populations of Cladrastis kentukea in Brown County State Park and the Yellowwood State Forest in Indiana are the northernmost native occurrences (H. H. Huffman 1986). Reports from Connecticut, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, Ontario, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island appear to be from cultivated and/or escaped plants.

The habitat of Cladrastis kentukea varies; it is typically found along river bluffs and in openings in mesophytic cove forests in association with major drainage areas (J. D. Pittillo 1963; H. H. Huffman 1986). It is not a common tree in the wild but is widely cultivated as an ornamental (G. Krüssmann 1984–1986, vol. 1; D. R. Hershey 1977; M. Griffiths 1994; E. F. Gilman 1997).

Cladrastis albiflora Rafinesque and Virgilia dumontii Rafinesque are superfluous and illegitimate names that pertain here.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 11. Author: Matthew L. Duley. FNA vol. 11.
Parent taxa Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Cladrastis
Subordinate taxa
C. kentukea
Synonyms Sophora kentukea, C. fragrans, C. lutea, C. tinctoria, Virgilia fragilis, V. lutea
Name authority Rafinesque: Cincinnati Lit. Gaz. 1(8): 60. (1824) (Dumont de Courset) Rudd: Phytologia 21: 327. (1971) — (as kentuckea)
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