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enchanter's-nightshade, small enchanter's-nightshade

Photo is of parent taxon

enchanter's-nightshade, Pacific enchanter's nightshade, small enchanter's nightshade

Habit Herbs glabrous or pubescent with at least a few recurved, falcate hairs, glabrous or glandular puberulent distally; stolons with apical tuber.
Stems

3–50 cm.

firm, terete, remaining mostly unflattened after pressing, pubescent with at least a few recurved, falcate hairs.

Leaves

petiole 0.3–5 cm;

blade usually ovate to broadly ovate, rarely suborbiculate, 1.5–7.5(–11) × 1.5–5.5(–8) cm.

petiole 1.5–5 cm;

blade 3–7.5(–11) × 2.5–5.5(–8) cm, margins subentire to minutely denticulate, base usually rounded to subcordate, rarely cordate, apex acute to short acuminate.

Inflorescences

0.7–12(–17) cm.

usually densely, less often sparsely, glandular puberulent.

Flowers

opening before elongation of axis, corymbiform;

pedicels erect or ascending at anthesis, 0.7–3.5 mm, with or without a minute, setaceous bracteole at base;

floral tube a mere constriction to 0.6 mm, funnelform to very broadly so, nectary wholly within floral tube;

sepals white or pink, sometimes purple tinged apically, oblong or ovate to broadly ovate, 0.8–1.8(–2.2) × 0.6–1.3 mm;

petals white, obtriangular or obdeltate to obovate or broadly obovate, 0.6–2 × 0.6–1.8 mm;

apical notch to 1/2 length of petal;

filaments 0.7–2.2 mm;

style 0.6–2.3 mm.

clustered at apex of raceme, opening before elongation of raceme axis;

floral tube 0.3–0.6 mm;

apical notch of petal 1/4–1/3 length of petal;

pedicel and mature fruit combined length 3.5–6.5 mm.

Capsules

clavoid, tapering smoothly to pedicel, without ribs or grooves, 1.6–2.6 × 0.5–1.2 mm, 1-locular, 1-seeded;

pedicel and mature fruit combined length 3.5–7.8 mm.

2n

= 22.

Circaea alpina

Circaea alpina subsp. pacifica

Phenology Flowering summer.
Habitat Cool, temperate deciduous and mixed forests, forest margins, along streams.
Elevation (0–)200–2700(–2900) m. ((0–)700–8900(–9500) ft.)
Distribution
from USDA
North America; Europe; Asia
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AK; AZ; CA; CO; ID; MT; NM; NV; OR; UT; WA; WY; AB; BC; temperate deciduous and mixed forests; along streams; forest margins; Cool
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Subspecies 6 (2 in the flora).

Circaea alpina inhabits moist places, and is also found on moss covered rocks and logs in cold temperate and boreal forests at high altitudes and latitudes throughout the northern hemisphere and in the tropics and subtropics at high elevations in southern and southeastern Asia, at elevations 0–5000 m.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Subspecies pacifica and subsp. alpina are easily separated by the stems with at least a few hairs and by the minutely denticulate to nearly entire leaf blade margins in subsp. pacifica. The stems of subsp. pacifica remain unflattened in herbarium specimens, whereas the stems of subsp. alpina are flattened and appear to be very narrowly winged after pressing. Subspecies pacifica is usually larger and more robust than subsp. alpina and is similar to some of the Asian subspecies of Circaea alpina in its somewhat thicker, deeper green leaves and less delicate stems. Plants in the areas where the two subspecies are sympatric are sometimes difficult to assign to one subspecies or the other, the few minute hairs on the stem being the most reliable distinguishing feature.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Stems glabrous; leaf blade margins conspicuously dentate, base usually cordate to subcordate, rarely truncate or rounded.
subsp. alpina
1. Stems with at least a few recurved, falcate hairs; leaf blade margins subentire to minutely denticulate, base usually rounded to subcordate, rarely cordate.
subsp. pacifica
Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Circaeeae > Circaea Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Circaeeae > Circaea > Circaea alpina
Sibling taxa
C. canadensis, C. ×sterilis
C. alpina subsp. alpina
Subordinate taxa
C. alpina subsp. alpina, C. alpina subsp. pacifica
Synonyms C. pacifica, C. alpina var. pacifica
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 9. (1753) (Ascherson & Magnus) P. H. Raven: Canad. J. Bot. 43: 1396. (1965)
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