Circaea alpina |
Circaea alpina subsp. pacifica |
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enchanter's-nightshade, small enchanter's-nightshade |
enchanter's-nightshade, Pacific enchanter's nightshade, small enchanter's nightshade |
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Habit | Herbs glabrous or pubescent with at least a few recurved, falcate hairs, glabrous or glandular puberulent distally; stolons with apical tuber. | |||||
Stems | 3–50 cm. |
firm, terete, remaining mostly unflattened after pressing, pubescent with at least a few recurved, falcate hairs. |
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Leaves | petiole 0.3–5 cm; blade usually ovate to broadly ovate, rarely suborbiculate, 1.5–7.5(–11) × 1.5–5.5(–8) cm. |
petiole 1.5–5 cm; blade 3–7.5(–11) × 2.5–5.5(–8) cm, margins subentire to minutely denticulate, base usually rounded to subcordate, rarely cordate, apex acute to short acuminate. |
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Inflorescences | 0.7–12(–17) cm. |
usually densely, less often sparsely, glandular puberulent. |
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Flowers | opening before elongation of axis, corymbiform; pedicels erect or ascending at anthesis, 0.7–3.5 mm, with or without a minute, setaceous bracteole at base; floral tube a mere constriction to 0.6 mm, funnelform to very broadly so, nectary wholly within floral tube; sepals white or pink, sometimes purple tinged apically, oblong or ovate to broadly ovate, 0.8–1.8(–2.2) × 0.6–1.3 mm; petals white, obtriangular or obdeltate to obovate or broadly obovate, 0.6–2 × 0.6–1.8 mm; apical notch to 1/2 length of petal; filaments 0.7–2.2 mm; style 0.6–2.3 mm. |
clustered at apex of raceme, opening before elongation of raceme axis; floral tube 0.3–0.6 mm; apical notch of petal 1/4–1/3 length of petal; pedicel and mature fruit combined length 3.5–6.5 mm. |
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Capsules | clavoid, tapering smoothly to pedicel, without ribs or grooves, 1.6–2.6 × 0.5–1.2 mm, 1-locular, 1-seeded; pedicel and mature fruit combined length 3.5–7.8 mm. |
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2n | = 22. |
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Circaea alpina |
Circaea alpina subsp. pacifica |
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Phenology | Flowering summer. | |||||
Habitat | Cool, temperate deciduous and mixed forests, forest margins, along streams. | |||||
Elevation | (0–)200–2700(–2900) m. ((0–)700–8900(–9500) ft.) | |||||
Distribution |
North America; Europe; Asia
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AK; AZ; CA; CO; ID; MT; NM; NV; OR; UT; WA; WY; AB; BC; temperate deciduous and mixed forests; along streams; forest margins; Cool |
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Discussion | Subspecies 6 (2 in the flora). Circaea alpina inhabits moist places, and is also found on moss covered rocks and logs in cold temperate and boreal forests at high altitudes and latitudes throughout the northern hemisphere and in the tropics and subtropics at high elevations in southern and southeastern Asia, at elevations 0–5000 m. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Subspecies pacifica and subsp. alpina are easily separated by the stems with at least a few hairs and by the minutely denticulate to nearly entire leaf blade margins in subsp. pacifica. The stems of subsp. pacifica remain unflattened in herbarium specimens, whereas the stems of subsp. alpina are flattened and appear to be very narrowly winged after pressing. Subspecies pacifica is usually larger and more robust than subsp. alpina and is similar to some of the Asian subspecies of Circaea alpina in its somewhat thicker, deeper green leaves and less delicate stems. Plants in the areas where the two subspecies are sympatric are sometimes difficult to assign to one subspecies or the other, the few minute hairs on the stem being the most reliable distinguishing feature. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. | ||||
Parent taxa | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Circaeeae > Circaea | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Circaeeae > Circaea > Circaea alpina | ||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||
Synonyms | C. pacifica, C. alpina var. pacifica | |||||
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 9. (1753) | (Ascherson & Magnus) P. H. Raven: Canad. J. Bot. 43: 1396. (1965) | ||||
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