Cicer |
Cicer arietinum |
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chickpea, cicer |
chick-pea, garbanzo bean |
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Habit | Herbs, annual [perennial], unarmed [armed], glandular- or/and eglandular-pubescent, except corolla. | Herbs (20–)25–60(–100) cm, ± branched from base, deep-rooted. |
Stems | semi-erect or erect to prostrate, straight or flexuous, pubescent, sometimes glandular-pubescent. |
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Leaves | alternate, odd-pinnate; stipules present, foliaceous, sometimes larger than proximalmost leaflets, toothed [spiny]; rachis apex with leaflet [tendril or spines]; petiolate; leaflets [3–]6–20[–36], blade margins dentate except at base, surfaces glandular-pubescent. |
stipules ovate to oblique-triangular, 3–5(–11) × (1–)2–4(–6) mm, teeth 2–4(–6); petiole 5–10 mm; rachis green distally, with or without anthocyanins, or purple throughout, 25–60(–75) mm, grooved adaxially; leaflets opposite or alternate, subsessile, crowded or not, blades obovate-oblong to elliptic, (6–)10–15(–20) × (3–)4–12(–14) mm, base cuneate to rounded, margin teeth sometimes curved, to 1.5(–2) mm, apex rounded to acuminate, abaxial surface more prominently ribbed and more glandular-pubescent than adaxial. |
Inflorescences | 1(or 2)[–5]-flowered, axillary, racemes; bracts present, persistent; bracteoles absent. |
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Peduncles | (6–)13–17(–30) mm; bracts 0.5–1.5 mm. |
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Pedicels | straight in flower, recurved in fruit, 6–13 mm. |
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Flowers | papilionaceous; calyx gibbous at base abaxially [subregular], lobes 5; corolla white to pink, purple, or blue; stamens 10, diadelphous; anthers basifixed; ovary pubescent; style glabrous; stigma relatively small. |
calyx green or purple, tube 3–4 mm, lobes lanceolate, 5–6 mm, midrib prominent; corolla 5–29 mm, veined; stamens 6–8 mm; ovary ovoid, 2–3 mm; style 3–4 mm. |
Fruits | legumes, pedicellate, inflated, rhomboid-ellipsoid [ellipsoid to obovoid-rhomboid], late-dehiscent, densely pubescent, mostly glandular-pubescent. |
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Legumes | 14–25(–29) × 8–15(–20) mm. |
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Seeds | 1 or 2[–4], ovoid-globular or angular [bilobular to globular]. |
white, cream, brown, black, or dull green, (4–)7–10(–11) × 5–8 mm, beak conspicuous, coat rough or smooth (sometimes minute black dots or speckles present); hilum grayish, deep. |
x | = 8. |
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2n | = (14), 16. |
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Cicer |
Cicer arietinum |
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Phenology | Flowering spring–summer. | |
Habitat | Fields, waste places. | |
Elevation | 0–900(–2400) m. (0–3000(–7900) ft.) | |
Distribution |
s Europe (Greece, Turkey); c Asia; s Asia (India); n Africa; Atlantic Islands (Canary Islands) [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Mexico, South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile)] |
CA; ID; ND; WA; SK; s Europe; Asia (India) [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Mexico, South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile), n Africa]
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Discussion | Species 44 (1 in the flora). Cicer is the only genus in tribe Cicereae. The range of closely related wild Cicer species points to a middle-eastern origin in Syria and Turkey for use of chickpea as a food plant. From there, the cultivated chickpea was distributed to circum-mediterranean areas and to central and southern Asia from Iran to India. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Cicer arietinum is cultivated in the United States in California, Idaho (particularly the Palouse region), North Dakota, and Washington, and in Canada in Alberta and Saskatchewan. The species occasionally escapes from cultivation but is not known to be invasive; it is the third most important pulse crop in the world, after beans and peas, and was introduced from the Mediterranean region and India. Cicer arietinum is widely cultivated as a cool-season crop in semi-arid, tropical areas of the world, or in summers in temperate zones. Mutants with phyllodes or unifoliolate leaves are known. In North America, chickpeas are often canned; large- and cream-seeded Kabuli cultivars are used in salad bars. Hummus, mashed chickpeas with sesame oil and spices, is a popular appetizer in the Near East and has become popular in the West. The largest producer of Cicer arietinum is India, where it contributes protein to the vegetarian diet in a wide range of dishes. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 11. | FNA vol. 11. |
Parent taxa | ||
Subordinate taxa | ||
Synonyms | Nochotta | |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 738. (1753): Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 327. (1754) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 738. (1753) |
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