Flora of North America species comparison

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Chylismia multijuga

Chylismia claviformis

froststem suncup
Chylismia claviformis

brown-eyed primrose, browneyes, clavate fruit primrose
Habit Herbs annual or biennial, villous, at least proximally, glabrous or even glaucous distally, rarely glandular puberulent. Herbs annual, glabrous, strigillose, glandular puberulent, or, sometimes, villous.
Stems

virgate with numerous divergent branches, 20–150 cm.

branched mostly from base, 3–70 cm.
Leaves

primarily in well-developed basal rosette, cauline reduced or absent, 6–30 × 1.4–6.5 cm;

petiole 0.3–6 cm;

blade pinnately or bipinnately lobed, terminal lobe ovate to elliptic, 2.5–6.5 × 1.5–3 cm, margins irregularly serrate, dark brown oil cells prominently lining veins abaxially.

primarily in basal rosette, cauline reduced or absent, 1.5–20 × 0.3–3.5 cm;

petiole 0.7–12 cm;

blade usually pinnately lobed, sometimes lateral lobes poorly developed or absent, terminal lobe usually narrowly ovate to lanceolate, sometimes cordate or subcordate, 0.8–9 × 0.2–4.5 cm, margins dentate, sinuate-dentate, or serrate, brown oil cells conspicuously lining veins abaxially.
Racemes

erect to nodding, elongating in bud.

nodding, elongating after anthesis.
Flowers

opening at sunrise;

buds individually reflexed, with apical or slightly subapical free tips less than 1 mm;

floral tube 1–3 mm, glabrous or villous inside proximally;

sepals 3–8 mm;

petals usually bright yellow, rarely cream, fading yellow to lavender, 4–9 mm;

stamens unequal, filaments of antisepalous stamens 2.5–4 mm, those of antipetalous ones 1.3–3 mm, anthers 2–4 mm, ciliate;

style 7–11 mm, stigma exserted beyond anthers at anthesis.

opening at sunset or sunrise;

buds with or without subapical or apical free tips;

floral tube 2–6.5 mm, villous inside proximally;

sepals 2–8 mm;

petals pale to bright yellow or white, sometimes red- or purple-dotted near base, fading purple, sometimes red or orange, or not changing color, 1.5–8 mm;

stamens subequal, filaments 1.5–5.5 mm, anthers 1.5–6 mm, ciliate;

style 5–16 mm, stigma exserted beyond anthers at anthesis.
Capsules

usually spreading, rarely slightly reflexed, oblong-cylindrical, 10–52 mm;

pedicel 7–20 mm.

ascending to spreading, clavate, 8–40 mm;

pedicel 4–40 mm.
Seeds

1–1.3 mm.

0.6–1.5 mm.
2n

= 14.

Chylismia multijuga

Chylismia claviformis
Phenology Flowering Mar–Jun(–Sep).
Habitat Forming colonies on rocky slopes and banks of eroded sedimentaries, on gypsum or limestone, on conglomerates, often with Juniperus and Pinus edulis, with Encelia farinosa and Larrea.
Elevation 300–1100 m. (1000–3600 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AZ; NV; UT
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
w United States; nw Mexico
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Chylismia multijuga is known from Washington County, Utah, and southern Lincoln County, Nevada, to northern Mohave County, Arizona. P. H. Raven (1962, 1969) determined this species to be self-incompatible. It hybridizes with C. brevipes subspp. brevipes and pallidula.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Subspecies 11 (10 in the flora).

P. H. Raven (1962) subdivided this species into 12 subspecies and, subsequently (1969), he combined two of them. The latter approach is used here. Only subsp. wigginsii P. H. Raven does not occur in the United States; its narrow range is restricted to northern Baja California. Raven (1962, 1969) determined this species to be self-incompatible.

Chylismia claviformis is the most complex and, along with C. scapoidea, the most widely distributed species of the genus. The central part of its geographical range is occupied by five closely related white-petaled subspecies (aurantiaca, claviformis, funerea, integrior, and peeblesii) that are very similar morphologically. South of this area four additional subspecies occur, all yellow-petaled (peirsonii, rubescens, wigginsii, and yumae). These four subspecies have sepals and petal color similar to those of C. brevipes, and P. H. Raven (1962, 1969) thought it likely that they were derived following hybridization between that species and one of the white-petaled populations of C. claviformis. North of the range of the white-petaled subspecies are found two additional yellow-petaled subspecies (cruciformis and lancifolia). Most populations of subsp. cruciformis consist of plants in which the flowers open in the early morning; in all other subspecies the flowers open in the late afternoon (Raven 1962, 1969). The following key will separate them, but there are many intergrades among the subspecies so that not all specimens will be easily identified.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Key
1. Herbs villous proximally; buds with subapical free tips; petals usually yellow, rarely white.
→ 2
2. Petals not changing color in fading, 4.5–7 mm; lateral lobes of leaf blades well developed.
subsp. peirsonii
2. Petals fading brick red, 3–5 mm; lateral lobes of leaf blades poorly developed, small or absent.
subsp. rubescens
1. Herbs strigillose, glandular puberulent, or glabrous proximally; buds with or without subapical or apical free tips; petals yellow or white.
→ 3
3. Petals yellow.
→ 4
4. Herbs strigillose, sometimes also glandular puberulent distally.
subsp. yumae
4. Herbs glabrous or glandular puberulent distally.
→ 5
5. Leaf blades with narrowly ovate to subcordate terminal lobes, at least some lateral lobes developed; flowers usually opening at dawn.
subsp. cruciformis
5. Leaf blades with lanceolate terminal lobes, lateral lobes usually greatly reduced or absent; flowers usually opening at dusk.
subsp. lancifolia
3. Petals usually white, rarely pale yellow (in subsp. claviformis).
→ 6
6. Herbs usually glabrous distally, rarely sparsely strigillose or glandular puberulent; lateral lobes of leaf blades usually well developed.
subsp. claviformis
6. Herbs usually strigillose and/or glandular puberulent, rarely glabrate; lateral lobes of leaf blades reduced, absent, or well developed.
→ 7
7. Lateral lobes of leaf blades well developed.
→ 8
8. Herbs strigillose, sometimes glabrate distally.
subsp. aurantiaca
8. Herbs glandular puberulent and strigillose.
subsp. peeblesii
7. Lateral lobes of leaf blades poorly developed, small, or absent.
→ 9
9. Leaf blades usually with at least some poorly developed lateral lobes; plants strigillose.
subsp. funerea
9. Leaf blades often with only terminal lobe developed; plants strigillose proximally, strigil-lose and glandular puberulent or glabrate distally.
subsp. integrior
Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Chylismia > sect. Chylismia Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Chylismia > sect. Chylismia
Sibling taxa
C. arenaria, C. atwoodii, C. brevipes, C. cardiophylla, C. claviformis, C. confertiflora, C. eastwoodiae, C. exilis, C. heterochroma, C. megalantha, C. munzii, C. parryi, C. scapoidea, C. specicola, C. walkeri
C. arenaria, C. atwoodii, C. brevipes, C. cardiophylla, C. confertiflora, C. eastwoodiae, C. exilis, C. heterochroma, C. megalantha, C. multijuga, C. munzii, C. parryi, C. scapoidea, C. specicola, C. walkeri
Subordinate taxa
C. claviformis subsp. aurantiaca, C. claviformis subsp. claviformis, C. claviformis subsp. cruciformis, C. claviformis subsp. funerea, C. claviformis subsp. integrior, C. claviformis subsp. lancifolia, C. claviformis subsp. peeblesii, C. claviformis subsp. peirsonii, C. claviformis subsp. rubescens, C. claviformis subsp. yumae
Synonyms Oenothera multijuga, Camissonia multijuga, Chylisma hirta, C. parviflora, C. venosa, O. brevipes var. multijuga, O. brevipes var. parviflora, O. multijuga var. parviflora, O. phlebophylla, O. watsonii Oenothera claviformis, Camissonia claviformis, C. scapoidea var. claviformis, O. scapoidea var. claviformis
Name authority (S. Watson) Small: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 193. (1896) — (as Chylisma) (Torrey & Frémont) A. Heller: Muhlenbergia 2: 105. (1906) — (as Chylisma clavaeformis)
Web links 
Unless otherwise noted, all data comes from the online version of the Flora of North America, who have made most of their content available via a Creative Commons license (CC BY 4.0).



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