Chamaecrista
Chamaecrista serpens
sensitive pea
slender sensitive pea
erect, procumbent, or prostrate, branches usually straight, sometimes zigzag, glabrous or pubescent.
usually erect, rarely procumbent, regularly branched.
alternate, even-pinnate;
stipules present;
petiolate;
extrafloral nectaries or glandular hairs present or absent, extrafloral nectaries on petiole, sessile, subsessile, or stipitate, usually cup-shaped;
leaflets 1–28(–32)[–40] pairs, blade margins usually entire, surfaces glabrous or pubescent.
1–3.5(–4) cm;
petiole 2–4 mm;
extrafloral nectary 1(or 2), near mid petiole, rarely a second gland on rachis, sessile;
leaflets (4 or)5–10(–12) pairs, blades oblong to oblong-oblanceolate, narrowly obovate, or obliquely obovate, apex obtuse or deltate-acute, 3–12 × 1.5–0.4–6.3 mm.
1(or 2)-flowered, axillary.
1–10(–20)-flowered, axillary, racemes, erect;
bracts present, inconspicuous;
bracteoles 2, caducous or persistent at anthesis.
12–40(–45) mm;
bracteoles distal to mid pedicel.
caesalpinioid, asymmetric, enantiostylous;
calyx bilateral, lobes 5, persistent;
corolla yellow, petals unequal, blades narrowed to claw, claw sometimes red-spotted or orange reddish;
stamens (2 or)3–10, equal or irregularly unequal;
filaments glabrous, usually nearly equal to anthers;
anthers basifixed, dehiscing by apical pores or short slits, lateral sutures ciliolate;
ovary shortly stipitate, incurved, linear, often hairy, sometimes glabrous;
style usually terminating in minute, stigmatic cavity.
calyx yellowish, sometimes also partly reddish, sepal venation reticulate;
corolla yellow, petals to 5–19(–20) mm;
stamens 10;
anthers yellow, to 2.5–9.5 mm;
ovary loosely hairy.
legumes, stipitate, flat, straight or curved, linear or linear-oblong, elastically dehiscent, coiling at dehiscence, glabrous or pubescent, often corrugated over seeds.
straight, linear-oblong, 14–40(–45) × 2.5–5 mm.
1–25+, obovoid-ellipsoid to rhomboid or trapezoid.
2.3–3(–3.3) mm.
= 7, 8.
Chamaecrista
Chamaecrista serpens
Species ca. 330 (12 in the flora).
Chamaecrista was segregated from the large genus Cassia and placed in subtribe Cassiinae, together with Cassia in the strict sense and Senna (H. S. Irwin and R. C. Barneby 1981, 1982). In recent molecular phylogenetic studies Cassia and Senna appear as sister taxa (B. Marazzi et al. 2006; A. Bruneau et al. 2008; Marazzi and M. J. Sanderson 2010), whereas Chamaecrista appears more distantly related and sister of the monospecific Batesia Spruce ex Bentham (Bruneau et al.). Among traditional caesalpinioids, Chamaecrista seems to be the only genus possessing rhizobial root nodules (H. D. L. Corby 1988; J. I. Sprent 2001). Flowers of Chamaecrista are asymmetric and specialized in relation to buzz pollination (pollen-collecting bees vibrate the flowers to release pollen from the anthers; G. Gottsberger and I. Silberbauer-Gottsberger 1988).
Of the six sections recognized in the current classification of Chamaecrista (H. S. Irwin and R. C. Barneby 1982), only sects. Apoucouita (H. S. Irwin & Barneby) H. S. Irwin & Barneby and Xerocalyx (Bentham) H. S. Irwin & Barneby appear as monophyletic, whereas the monospecific sect. Grimaldia (Schrank) H. S. Irwin & Barneby is embedded within sect. Absus (de Candolle ex Colladon) H. S. Irwin & Barneby, and sects. Caliciopsis H. S. Irwin & Barneby and Xerocalyx are nested within sect. Chamaecrista (A. Conceição et al. 2009). These molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest that a shift from a relatively species-poor group of rainforest trees to a more diverse and species-rich clade of savannah shrubs occurred early in the diversification history of Chamaecrista. The latter clade is composed of two ecologically and morphologically distinct main subclades (Conceição et al.). Almost 81% of Chamaecrista species occur in the Americas (G. P. Lewis et al. 2005).
In North America, Chamaecrista is represented by species of sects. Caliciopsis, Chamaecrista, and Grimaldia. All but C. greggii, a microphyllous shrub or small tree, are annual or perennial herbaceous plants. The United States represents the northern limit of the geographic distribution of Chamaecrista in the Americas.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Varieties 7 (2 in the flora).
Of the seven described varieties, var. wrightii is the only one native to the flora area. Variety serpens is introduced in Florida and is the only small-flowered variety, with the longest petal to 7(–8) mm. Among the large-flowered varieties, var. delicata (Britton & Rose) H. S. Irwin & Barneby occurs locally sympatric with var. wrightii in Mexico and is distinguished from the latter by its slightly smaller flowers (the longest petal to 12 mm and the longest anther to 5.5 mm). In contrast to vars. delicata and wrightii, in the remaining large-flowered varieties, the leaves of var. grandiflora (Bentham) H. S. Irwin & Barneby, var. isthmogenes H. S. Irwin & Barneby, var. mensarum (Molina) H. S. Irwin & Barneby, and var. oaxacana H. S. Irwin & Barneby usually have only three to seven leaflets pairs.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
1. Leaflets 1 or 2 pairs. | → 2 |
2. Leaflets 2 pairs; racemes terminal. | C. absus |
2. Leaflets 1 pair; racemes axillary. | C. rotundifolia |
1. Leaflets 2–28(–32)[–40] pairs. | → 3 |
3. Shrubs or trees, xerophytic, microphyllous; leaflets (2 or)3–5(or 6) pairs. | C. greggii |
3. Herbs, mesophytic, not microphyllous; leaflets 2–28(–32)[–40] pairs. | → 4 |
4. Leaflets 2–9 or (4 or)5–12 pairs. | → 5 |
5. Stems usually erect, rarely procumbent, regularly branched. | C. serpens |
5. Stems procumbent or prostrate, long and weakly or not branched. | → 6 |
6. Sepal venation parallel; leaflets (4 or)5–12 pairs; petals 5–14 mm; Texas. | C. calycioides |
6. Sepal venation reticulate; leaflets 2–5 or (5 or)6–9 pairs; petals 3.5–6.5(–7) or 11–15 mm; peninsular Florida and Florida Keys. | → 7 |
7. Leaflets (5 or)6–9 pairs; petals to 11–15 mm; Florida Keys. | C. lineata |
7. Leaflets 2–5 pairs; petals 3.5–6.5(–7) mm; peninsular Florida. | C. pilosa |
4. Leaflets (6–)8–28(–32)[–40] pairs. | → 8 |
8. Stems procumbent or prostate or mat-forming, branches straight or in zigzag pattern; on sandy plains and sand dunes of coastal Texas. | → 9 |
9. Pedicels 5–15 mm; stipules pale green becoming brownish or yellowish, 3+ times as long as wide; stems rarely from woody rootstock, branches usually straight. | C. chamaecristoides |
9. Pedicels 20–42 mm; stipules green, to 2 times as long as wide; stems often from horizontal, woody rootstock, branches often in zigzag pattern. | C. flexuosa |
8. Stems erect, branches usually straight; wide range of habitats. | → 10 |
10. Racemes usually 1(or 2)-flowered; pedicels 0.5–4[–16] mm; petals to. | → 3 |
3. 5–8(–9)[–16] mm. | C. nictitans |
10. Racemes 1–4(or 6)-flowered; pedicels (6–)8–22(–26) mm; petals to (6–)8–23(–26) mm. | → 11 |
11. Roots horizontal and rhizomelike. | C. deeringiana |
11. Roots not rhizomelike. | C. fasciculata |
1. Petals to 5–7 mm; leaflets (4 or)5–7(or 8) pairs; Florida. | var. serpens |
1. Petals to 13–19(–20) mm; leaflets 7–9(–12) pairs; Arizona, New Mexico. | var. wrightii |
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